Weren’t crimes like theft and robbery enough on a single planet of the universe?
No, siree. Humans have a very nasty quality of greed when it comes to material possessions. No matter how much we have, we always seem to crave for more.
It is reported in the BBC News, on 24th August 2019, that an astronaut by the name of Anne McClain tried to access her alienated partner’s bank account from the International Space Station. We may be dealing with the first crime committed from space here.
Her spouse, Summer Warden, immediately contacted the authorities and thus, Anne has returned to Earth. Interestingly, she denied any blames of theft and simply stuck to her story of ‘checking’ on the finances to make sure they were adequate for the expenses of their son.
Ms. McClain had graduated from West Point military academy to secure the post of an Air Force intelligence officer and had devoted 800 hours of her life in combat as an army pilot over Iraq. She was also given the honor of flying for NASA in 2013. Now she had spent 6 months aboard the ISS and was going to participate inthe first all-female spacewalk, but destiny did not seem to comply. She was canceled last minute due to minor issues.
Law in Space
The ISS involves 5 space agencies; from the US, Canada, Japan, Russia, and a few other European countries. A legal framework states that all national laws imply to people and possessions in space as well. The criminal in question would be subjected to the law of his own area respectively like a Russian national to the Russian law etc. Laws are also set in place for those who show misconduct in space.
It is obvious that as space exploration and tourism gains popularity, so will the idea of space crime. But for the time being, NASA officials claim to have foreseen no such crimes committed at the ISS.
Source; BBC News, World,’ NASA said to be investigating the first allegation of crime in space. 24 August 2019’
The universe is deep and dark and we have no idea how much vast it could be. To understand the immensity and vastness of the universe, one must consider an infinite length of possibilities because the mere portion of the universe, we are aware of is already enough to confound our imagination. The massiveness of the cosmos never lets us forget about our place in the universe which is even less than a single grain of sand.
Among all the secrets that the universe hides in itself the most curious one is – Is there life in outer space? This is the question that arises in every curious mind. Carl Sagan once said “Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known”, giving us hope that we are not alone in this dimension and if we continue our search for the years to come, who knows, might we will find some unknown creature or might they approach us. Until then hope is what keeps us thinking that we are not alone in this universe.
“Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known”.
Around more than 20.22 light-years away, there lies a gravitationally bound Gliese 581 planetary system, comprising 6 known planets, Gliese 581e, Gliese 581b, and Gliese 581c, Gliese 581d, Gliese 581g, and Gliese 581f revolving around a star Gliese 581 the red dwarf, producing flames and showing some dusky marks on its surface. Red Dwarf is not as luminous as Sun and it does not produce the heat of such a high intensity as compared to the Sun.
Comparison of size of our solar system and Gliese 581 planetary Out of these 6 planets Gliese 581d, Gliese 581c, and Gliese 581g are present in a habitable zone. They are located at a distance suitable from Gliese 581 star to allow liquid water to flow on their surface.
For a planet to be habitable, it should meet certain requirements, most importantly it should be far enough from its star to maintain the temperature needed for life to survive. The gravity should be strong enough to hold thick atmosphere which can reflect the rays coming from the star. The surface pressure must not be too high or else water will not be able to stay in liquid form. Gliese 581d, Gliese 581c, and Gliese 581g fulfill all the requirements for a habitable planet.
Gliese 581d is a terrestrial planet discovered in 2007 and around 7 times larger than earth. It has all the suitable conditions for the survival of life as it is located in a habitable zone, not so close to Gliese 581 star with suitable temperature ranges. The climate is comparatively warm and mild enough due to the greenhouse effect along with a possibility of having oceans, clouds and microbial life.
It orbits at a distance of 20 million miles from its star and completes its rotation around red dwarf in 67 days so, one year at Gliese 581d consists of 67 days. The tidal forces present on Gliese 581d have made the orbital period equal to the rotational period, therefore at one side of the planet there is always night and at the other side of the planet, stays bright.
The atmosphere is thick enough and holds a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide to sustain a suitable habitable zone on the surface of Gliese 581d. Scientists conclude that the gravitational force of Gliese 581d is twice as much as that of earth. It has a thick atmosphere and denser air than earth. Even if humans were to visit this planet someday in the future, it will be quite a peculiar place, though suitable for life however not exactly familiar to earth.
An imaginary picture of Gliese 581d orbiting its parent Star
According to astronomers, a habitable planet is the one which can support life not necessarily the one on which humans can flourish or prosper. There are many conditions needed for a habitable planet however, liquid water and suitable atmosphere are the two most important ones and luckily they both are present on Gliese 581d.
Astronomers consider Gliese 581d to be the next home for the human race after earth. This planet might be a sign of hope for humans in this dark, deep and immense universe. However, there is one set back that is the distance between the earth and Gliese 581d. It lies at a distance of about 120 trillion miles from planet earth. In 1977, Voyager 1 launched heading towards Gliese 581d, thirty years later it has traveled more than 13 billion miles although traveling a distance of 11 miles a second still approximate time for Voyager 1 to reach Gliese 581d is around 350,000 years.
In 2009, several messages collected from around 195 countries, these messages transmitted from Tidbinbilla, Australia, on August 2009 through a radio telescope (DSS-43 70m) at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex.
Gliese 581c is the third planet orbiting around the star Gliese 581, discovered in 2007 by radial velocity method. Astronomers estimated the presence of this planet in the habitable zone of Gliese 581. There are chances that water might present on this planet. Although the recent study shows that Gliese 581c might have a Venus-like atmosphere, which is the hottest planet of our Solar system. However, unlike the sun, the mass of Red Dwarf is exceedingly small. Gliese 581c is the smallest planet of the Gliese 581 system, it is terrestrial and rotates around its star in 15 days. Gliese 581c is also given the name of “Hell Planet” because of its crimson sky as it is very close to the Red dwarf. This low-frequency red light will affect the vegetation on Gliese 581c if there will be any in the future.
An Artists Impression of Gliese581c orbiting its Parent Star
Even though Gliese 581c has categorized as super-earth, researches have concluded that the actual conditions on this planet are not very earth-like, as the atmosphere should be thick enough to sustain a suitable temperature and to reflect enough light from the planet for the survival of life. As Gliese 581c orbits around its star, it keeps its one side towards it. The planet is tidally locked exactly like Earth’s moon. According to this observation one side of Gliese 581c is always warmer and brighter than the other side which means it does not have a regular day and night cycle as on earth. So even if the water is present on Gliese 581c, it will not be in liquid form.
The water on the warm side evaporates because of the heat and water on the colder side will turn into ice. It does contain an atmosphere but the composition is still unknown. As Gliese 581c is 15 times closer to the red dwarf as compared to the distance between earth and sun. The atmosphere should be thick enough to reflect the rays coming from the red dwarf and the surface temperature ranges between 32 to 104 F.
On October 9, 2008, Ukraine’s National Space Agency beamed a high power radio signal towards Gliese 581c, though it was able to cross Mars in four minutes after being launched by a massive RT-70 radio telescope, it would not reach Gliese 581c, its destination, till 2029. The message sent includes images of famous people, landmarks, and several notes giving a brief description of earth and different life forms on earth.
This planet seems to be more habitable as a comparison to Gliese 581d and Gliese 581c. It is a newly founded planet of Gliese 581 planetary system, discovered on September 29, 2010, by radial velocity method and it is around 4 times massive as earth. Gliese 581g completes its orbit around the habitable zone of Red dwarf in about 37 days. So one year on Gliese 581g equals to 37 earthly days. Scientists say this planet is also terrestrial and it also contains an atmosphere. The temperature here is also suitable enough for the presence of liquid water. The surface gravity of Gliese 581g is 1.1 to 1.7 times than the gravity of earth which means that weight would increase up to 70 percent on Gliese 581g.
Just like Gliese 581d and Gliese 581c, Gliese 581g is also tidally locked to its parent star. During its orbit it keeps its one side facing the star so one side of the planet is always bright and one the other side it is always night time.
The controversy regarding the colonization of Mars is a long one. It is recorded that humans began speculating life on Red Planet as early as the 1950s when Ray Bradbury (a renowned pioneer of science-fiction writing) published a ‘series of short stories’ titled The Martian Chronicles (1950).
The idea of colonizing Mars stemmed from the thought of making the human race an ‘interplanetary species’. The main reason is to prevent the mass extinction of the human race, overpopulation and provide new scientific discoveries.
Mars, also known as the “Red Planet”, is one of the closest planets to earth and is its neighbor. It gets it distinct and vivid red color from the plethora of iron minerals present in its soil. The iron minerals in the soil oxidize and form Mars well-known color.
Mars rover analyzing rocks on Mars rocky surfaces.
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and its proximity to the Sun makes it the most viable option for human colonization. This was chosen as the designated planet for colonization since its environment was considered to be most receptive for humans. However, Mars’ harsh climate is far from friendly. With its bitter cold climate ranging from -125 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius and an average temperature of -60 degrees celsius (according to Space.com), these harsh weathers are unbearable to the human body.
The reason for Mars’ colder climate as compared to earth is its farther distance from the sun. Because of Mars elongated distance from the Sun, fewer of its warm rays are bestowed upon the planet, leaving it with a far colder atmosphere. The temperature is highly susceptible to fluctuations, due to the fact that Mars has a tilt similar to that of the earth in relation to the sun. However, unlike Earth Mars’s tilted axis swings drastically because of its unstabilized nature. This is due to the fact, that Mars has 2 moons; Phobos and Deimos.
Animation credit: Pinterest
Apart from this, the difference between a year on Mars and a year on Earth is about 7.6 earth days more. This is because a day on there is about 24.5 hours long, contrary to the 24 hours long earth day.
Mars also boasts of the largest and highest mountain in the solar system, ‘Olympus Mons’. Although the Red Planet has dry and barren land, scientists believe it was not always so and theorize that if all the frozen water was liquefied, the entire planet would be covered in a thin layer of salty water. Moreover, Mars atmospheric environment is decidedly hostile for humans. It contains only 38% of Earth’s gravity, which may create health problems. The Planet also contains no magnetosphere, which leaves it susceptible to cosmic rays and solar particle events. Additionally, Martian atmospheric air risks slowly leaking/draining out into space due to its lack of magnetosphere.
Mar’s thin atmosphere is about 100 times less dense than the earth and it contains only 0.03% of the water in its air and only 0.15% oxygen in its air, which is lethal for humans. The atmosphere here consists of 95% of carbon dioxide, 1.6% argon and 2.7% nitrogen which creates a toxic environment to live in. Martian soil is also considered extremely toxic, due to its “high concentrations” of chlorine and other chemicals which are known to be dangerous to life.
The Mars colonization plan
After sharply analyzing the martian conditions, scientists and volunteers from different organizations have come up with a plan to make Mars Colonization a viable option. In 2010, the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 was issued, which allowed the enabling of missions that led NASA’ astronauts to Mars. Later another plan disclosed by NASA that consist of 3 phases.
The first phase titled “Earth Reliant” focused on living beings limits and its effect on the human body.
The second phase titled “Proving Ground” includes lunar missions and setting up base and supplies on the Moon.
Phase 3 is titled “Earth Independent” and is the last stage. It consists of establishing another livable-habitat on Mars by astronauts.
Marson, a mission to Mars
However, NASA isn’t the only one who is dreaming of colonizing the Red Planet. MarsOne, a dutch group started in 2011, has dedicated their time to this dream as well. In 2013, they laid down their plan for Colonization. They announced that would be able to establish a human base on Mars by 2023 and will land its first astronauts by 2025. The plan is aimed for a media participation financed series of missions. However, after continuously delaying and postponing their mission, MarsOne declared bankruptcy in 2019. However, its message lives on.
Another important organization aiming towards the goal of Mars colonization is SpaceX. Founded by Elon Musk, the successful owner and CEO of Tesla, it aims to create cheaper technology to boost and accelerate the goal of Colonization on Red planet. SpaceX is heavily collaborating with NASA to make the dream a reality. SpaceX aims to create reusable rockets to reduce the price of space technology needed for this huge project. Recently, SpaceX even launched its new rocket — the Falcon Heavy Rocket — into space with NASA as the first rocket with reusable parts. They are currently still improving their technology.
Wind-Up
For years, the theoretical idea of Mars colonization felt impossible. As the reality of its possibility began to dawn, long-standing debates ensued. The dream of Mars colonization tantalized many, drawing them into the cause of successfully colonizing Mars. However, regardless of the long-argued moral, political and ethical repercussions of colonizing Mars, one thing remains certain: those in favor of Mars colonization will not be deterred. Many volunteers have passionately thrown themselves for this cause….will it be worth it?
Super-Earths are potentially habitable candidates for life
More often than not mankind acquired his knowledge of the universe in much the same way that a child learns about the society which he is a part of. Just like as a growing child progressively becomes of the larger units of human organization— Family, neighborhood, city and so on. Astronomers have slowly endorsed the hierarchical arrangement of the heavens. So, the astronomers come up with the idea of extraterrestrial life. That is to find the possibility of the existence of life beyond Earth.
An interesting question that has been asking throughout the history of astronomy is,” can life exist beyond the earth, if so what form it might likely to take?”
Further findings for extraterrestrial life [ET—Life] led to an entirely new branch of science—Exobiology, though as yet we cannot come across an exact answer.
There is still a sizeable discussion about the origin of extraterrestrial life. In the early 20th century, it was Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius who proposed the “panspermia theory”, according to which life on earth did not stem here but was brought by some of the meteorites collided with earth. Though this idea never met much support due to the complexities it further resulted in. Later, Sir Fred Hoyle revived the idea, on their hypothesis, life on earth was actually originated somewhere in space and brought here by mean of a Comet. This idea too met scant support because whole recourses of space were mandatory rather than a restricted area like planet earth.
In carrying out practical research for the extraterrestrial life on other planets as in our solar system, the scientists had to be dependent on the space research method, so the world like the moon, might rules out at once. The Venus is also ill-suited in every quarter since the giant and closest planet to the earth has no solid surface. Saturn’s satellite Titan and Enceladus seem good candidates for ET-life since all ingredients of life are evident there. But the very low temperature appeared to preclude them.
We left with only one candidate—The Mars, which has always been regarded as the possible abode of life. After a decade’s long research and analysis carried out by Curiosity and Mars rovers, scientists are still unsure that could we ever be able to colonize earth?
Astronomers, therefore, shifted search to beyond our solar system and have discovered dozens of potentially habitable planets in other solar systems—called “Super-Earths” concerning to extraterrestrial life. In February 2017, they caught another solar system—Trappist-One, quite similar to our solar system and have three earth-like planets in its habitable zone. Since then, the researchers came across plenty of places that could park as men’s first interstellar colonies.
Super-Earths are perhaps the most common planets in this unbound universe that may come up to the expectations of having an extraterrestrial life. By 2018, astronomers have discovered 2,342 confirmed exoplanets and revealed the existence of around 2,245 others. Among these, at least 30% are conceded as Super-Earths. While a few percents of these rare planets are orbiting in the habitable zone of their host star that sometimes spoke out as the “Goldie-lock” zone. In this locality, the planet’s surface has perfect temperature ranges which are necessary for liquid water. The other two pre-requisites are the size and mass of the planet. It should be double than earth radius and ten times more massive. Since the massive planets have a stronger gravitational pull, the research always weighs up extra mass is what makes Super-Earth, a perfect home for living.
Another surprising ingredient is the unusual phenomenon of planetary plate tectonics– a process that shapes a planet’s surface by stretching, compression, or other forces acting on the planet’s rigid outer layer, called the lithosphere. Just after their formation, rocky planets like Earth are covered by a crust – a hard and rigid layer that is about 10 miles thick on average and forms part of the lithosphere. The most molten and very viscous interior of the planet – called mantle, swirl about constantly by convective currents. The flow of heat and melt in the upper mantle is the source driving plate tectonics. As Ward and Brownlee put it in their book, in “Rare Earths”, plate tectonics promotes environmental complexity and the exchange occurs through global cycles.
Our Milky Way galaxy carries 100 billion stars, many among them are identical to our Sun. There is considerable evidence that what happened to our Sun may presumably happen to other solar-type stars as well. Astronomers should bear in mind that even if they happen to locate a planet similar to Earth, moving around a star like Sun, even then they would have no guarantee that life can sustain and survive there. So, the idea of extraterrestrial life doesn’t seem to come true.
Everyone is in love with the moments when winds start blowing fast and the temperature drops just before the rain. These moments in a hot summer remind us that more often changes happen in our life when we least expect them.
When in a few moments or so the sky starts roaring with shrieks of lightning, and a thunderstorm began to stir. These epic storms and tornadoes are very common during the hot summer, especially in North and Middle America often referred to as tornado season. These epic storms usually strike in the evening or midnight and cause destruction but they can be beautiful when caught by the camera in the right moments. Take a look of stunning photos of some of the rare epic storms captured in recent summer around the globe.
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo Credit: Douglas Taylor
Photo Credit: Pinterest
An electrifying image caught by the camera during the rare phenomenon of the Cloud burst.
Photo Credit: Pinterest
Nature photographer Jeremy Holmes captured this beautiful image during a tornado usually hit American states in the evening.
Photo credit: Jeremy Holmes
A stunning photo captured during some of the rare epic storms in a volcanic region.
A Volcanic thunderstorm Photo Credit: Pinterest
Photo credit: Pinterest
A stunning photo captured in a midnight epic storm in Middle America.
Pakistan is not
deficient of bright minds and hardworking individuals. There have been many
inspiring souls over the years who gave their best to this country and worked
endlessly for the promotion of science and for making it a safer and
respect-worthy state in the comity of nations. This Independence Day, we look
at some of the renowned personalities in the field of science.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
President Leghari presenting a civil award to Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
Born on 27 April 1936,
a nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan has been
named as “Mohsin-e-Pakistan”. His hard work and passion made one dream for
Pakistan possible that looked rather difficult. After coming to Pakistan in
1974, he worked to convince the then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and
Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan to go for
uranium accretion instead of plutonium. He was later given a part in the 1975
project and he started research on gas centrifuges with Dr. Khalil Qureshi,
which was a new idea at that time.
After the establishment of Engineering Research Laboratory or ERL, the scientists of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and ERL researched separately form each other and in 1981, Dr. Qadeer Khan was made the director of ERL and its name was changed to A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories, where he successfully made the first atomic device in 1984, after working endlessly day and night along with his team. Dr. Qadeer Khan saw many controversies to his name. Claims were made that he allegedly stole atomic information from Holland, and he was respectfully acquitted. In 2004, during the era of former President General (R) Pervaiz Musharraf, he was charged with providing sensitive information to other countries and as a result, he faced custody at home. Even though he was freed after judicial and public response, he still lives a secluded life and is devoid of the respect and honor he duly deserves.
Dr. Abdus Salam
Dr. Abdus Salam is the only Nobel Laureate in Science from Pakistan
Dr. Abdus Salam was
born on 29 January 1926 in Jhang, Punjab. He is the first and only Pakistani
scientist who was jointly awarded the coveted Nobel Prize in 1979 for his work
on electroweak unification theory along with two Western scientists. Dr. Salam
had a long relationship with the nuclear program of Pakistan and he served as
the Science Advisor to the Government of Pakistan from the year 1960 to 1974,
where he played an effective role in promoting scientific research and in
establishing a basic infrastructure for science and technology in the country.
Because of his
efforts, SUPARCO (an acronym for Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission) came into being which is still the only space research institute in
Pakistan. He also provided his services to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
where he worked to bring scientists to one platform and because of that
“Theoretical Physicist” and “Mathematical Physicist” groups were formed and
that’s why he is often called as the “Scientific Father” of Pakistan’s atomic
program. In 1965, taking permission from President Ayyub Khan, he made a
contract with Canada to establish a nuclear power plant in Karachi and in the
same year, because of his efforts not only did America agree to provide a
research reactor but he also joined hands with Edward Stone who provided help
for establishing the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences. Unfortunately, in
1974 due to religious and personal differences, he waved goodbye to his
homeland forever.
Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan
Dr. Munir (R) briefing President Zia-ul-Haq (M)
Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan
is credited with being the creator of Pakistan’s atomic program. He served as a
Senior Technical Staff to International Atomic Energy Commission for a long
time and earned the name “Reactor Khan”.
Seeing his experience
in reactor technology and powerplants, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto made him the
Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and under his leadership,
plutonium accretion project started for which he signed contracts with France
and other countries but after the arrival of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan the plan
changed. He is widely appreciated for staying away from political and other
conflicts and throughout his long career, just focused on promoting science and
technology and nuclear research.
His biggest work was
the establishment of the Kahuta Enrichment Plant, where many famous scientists
worked hard day and night and provided their valuable services for science. Dr.
Munir served as Chairman of PAEC till 1991 and he was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz
and Hilal-e-Imtiaz by Government of Pakistan for his immense contributions.
Dr. Muhammad Raziuddin
Siddiqui
Dr. Raziuddin served as the Vice-Chancellor for many Pakistani Universities
Dr. Muhammad Raziuddin
Siddiqui was born in Hyderabad (British India) in 1908, and he did his Masters
in Mathematics from Cambridge University and Ph.D. in Mathematics and Quantum
Physics from Leipzig University, Germany. In the 1960s, he worked with the
British Atomic Program and during his research at Cavendish Laboratory wrote
several acclaimed research papers that were published in renowned journals.
After the independence
of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, he settled in Karachi on the request of
Governor-General and in 1950, established All Pakistan Mathematics Association.
He worked endlessly for better educational standards in the country and was
appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad along
with other universities of Sindh and Peshawar.
He provided his services to Pakistan Atomic Energy and made different groups with Dr. Abdus Salam, Dr. I. H. Usmani, and Dr. Riazuddin, which made valuable research possible at PAEC and helped promote Advanced Mathematics in the country. He was awarded three highest civil honors by the Government of Pakistan that included Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz, and Nishan-e-Imtiaz.
The Internet provides a way to the patients with unrecognized rare diseases, according to a recent study published in the journal “Genetics in Medicine”, which used the example of a rare inherited disease ADTKD to demonstrate the potency of the internet to help diagnose patients with mysterious diseases.
Internet may help diagnose people with rare disorders
“Rare diseases, especially inherited ones, are often not correctly diagnosed by primary care physicians and even specialists because they are so uncommon, and a provider who does have expertise may be located very far from the patient,” said the study’s lead author, Anthony J. Bleyer, M.D., professor of nephrology at the medical school.
While online searches can frequently fail to provide relevant or correct health information, the internet does offer those with rare disorders a way to find the rare specialists interested in a particular condition and obtain accurate information about it.
In the study, researchers investigated 665 referrals made from 1996 to 2017 to a wake forest school of Medicine research center specializing in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), a group of diseases that affects the tubules of the kidney and gradually causes the kidney to stop functioning. Of all the referrals, 40% were from healthcare providers at academic medical centers, 33% were from nonacademic health care providers, and 27% were self-referrals from individuals or family members, who contacted the website directly without the guidance of any health care provider.
27% of the referrals from the academic center, 25% from the non-academic center and 24% self-referrals showed positive results for genetic testing; indicating the presence of ADTKD. The study encapsulates the idea that 25% of the self-referrals who represented 42 families and 116 individuals would have gone unrecognized if they had not contacted the website directly.
“The similar percentages of positive results from the three types of referrals indicate that actively pursuing self-diagnosis using the internet can be successful,” Dr. Anthony J. Bleyer, said in a statement.
“One-quarter of the families found to have ADTKD were diagnosed as a result of direct contact with the center through the internet, which represents 42 families and 116 individuals who otherwise would have gone undiagnosed if a family member had not contacted us.”
Researchers explained the importance of the internet in recognizing the rare diseases as it gives its users access to unlimited valuable data leading to more diagnosis. Researchers also emphasize that centers specializing in rare disorders should make online access to the public, their prior concern.
Today we see the islands of garbage on the ocean surface. The ocean converts into the molls of debris just because of human activities. Every year many industries dump millions of their trash and waste material into the ocean. Oil and gas mining activities and some accidents like oil spills also polluting the ocean and harm the aquatic life. Every year millions of fishes die by trapping in the net and wires that fisherman discards into the ocean.
Thousands of aquatic life die due to eating plastic material. The toxic material that we throw into the ocean also affects all species around, either directly or indirectly. Fish eat the poison and toxic material, the cycle continues and the toxic materials fish eat enter into our bodies. These toxic materials not only affect aquatic life also affect the overall food chain. The only way to get rid of this worst situation is “Ocean Privatization”.
Ocean privatization if fair or not?
How we solve this
problem?
This problem can resolve by privatizing the ocean. Ocean privatization is a process in which the Government gives property rights of some part of the ocean to the company and any individual, same as the selling some part of land property.
As an American economist and theorist Walter Block said that “there are vast areas of human existence where the private property right plays no role at all”. We can say that the ocean privatization is a very interesting story to develop the property right of ocean fisheries.
Most of the beaches around the globe has turned into rubbish dumpsters.
How pubic pollute an Ocean?
A serious problem with our masses is the misuse of public places. This process starts when the landlord keeps a large area of land and gives on rent to the farmer and labor. The farmer is not allowed to use the plot for farming and other cattle grazing purposes because these activities diminish its value. This problem of land ownership still present. To solve this problem Government act as landlord charging taxes.
Consequently, the landlord abandons the land and the area used for different public outing sites like national parks, beaches, etc. Due to these activities, the oceans have badly affected. Peoples throw bottles, cans and other plastic materials into the sea and making it over-polluted.
Fish companies closing their business in the ocean areas contaminated with toxic materials
Don’t pollute own land
Most of the companies working on ocean businesses never prefer an area filled with debris. The fish companies don’t show interest to catch or buy fishes those are contaminated with toxic material which will eventually result in a slight decrease in fisheries business.
Charge those, who
pollute your ocean part
When an ocean is got privatized, the owner would generate his own rules and rights, policies and can charge other companies as per desire. The owner invests on his own ocean plot to attract the companies and other tourists.
Therefore, when someone pollutes his piece of the ocean he will charge a fee and can punish if the shipping industry and oil and gas mining companies pollute the ocean more than his set limit he will be able to charge these companies as well. The same policies apply in the Montreal protocol in which, if industry release more (CO2) from the set limit, the industry has to pay for it. In this way, ocean privatization can play its part in the eradication of environmental pollution.
Benefits of the ocean privatization & How an ocean can get privatize?
At present, many countries invest in ocean cleaning projects and thousands of dollars have invested for the coastal guards. This year, the US government owed $10.6 Billion to the coast guard. According to an official working on ocean privatizing project:
If the Government sells the property right to a company then it could not invest in the coastal guards. We are working to ensure the business policies and novelty in the private ocean and will give rise in the revenue. We are hopeful that such efforts will result in the wellbeing of the aquatic life and ocean water quality.
Researchers from Harvard T. H. Chan School of
Public Health discovered that people who consume a more plant-based diet have
23 percent less chance of conceiving Type 2 diabetes than those who eat lesser
vegetables. It was also noted that this association was higher for people whose
diets highlighted healthy plant-based foods.
This research is also published in JAMA Internal Magazine.
Frank Qian, who carried out the research in his MS Nutrition, remarked that such diets were rapidly becoming popular among the masses, so it was rudimentary to quantify its corporation with the risk of diabetes. That was because such diets differed greatly in their compositions.
Previous studies have indeed indicated a relationship between diets based in plants and the risk of Type 2 Diabetes, but, but we cannot be sure due to an insufficiency of epidemiological proof. The researchers say that the current and latest study is the strongest indication of this affiliation.
The scientists involved carried out 9 experiments, which were then published in February 2019. Their analyzed data included that from 307099 participants, with 23544 Type 2 Diabetes cases. They worked with a variety of plant-based foods. Healthy choices included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes, while less healthy ones comprised of potatoes, refined flour, sugar and ample amounts of animal products. “Healthful” diets included a mixture of both, but healthy predominating the less healthy.
Heart shape by various vegetables and fruits
Healthy plant-based foods improve Insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, weight issues, and systemic inflammation and thus minimize the risk of diabetes.
Associate Professor of Nutrition, Qi Sun, elucidated that the data collected overall pointed to the fact that plant-based food plays a key role in the maintenance of good health. People should include fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains, tofu, etc as the main constituent of their diets for the betterment of their health.
Fireballs and blazing meteor showers are a rare sight. But this month, on 4th August, we got to witness an alpha capricornids meteor shower in the night skies and we have collected some images taken around the world of this striking phenomenon.
Meteor showers usually happen when the debris of comets and asteroids fly by the earth which lights up the sky. Upon entering the atmosphere of our planet, they burn up at the height of around 100 km and appear as flaming fireballs or shooting stars. The alpha capricornids were discovered by Hungarian astronomer Miklos von Konkoly Thege and these showers usually occur between the months of July and August. These meteors date back to approximately 5000 years ago, which eventually formed a cloud of dust around Earth’s orbit.
