Everyone is in love with the moments when winds start blowing fast and the temperature drops just before the rain. These moments in a hot summer remind us that more often changes happen in our life when we least expect them.
When in a few moments or so the sky starts roaring with shrieks of lightning, and a thunderstorm began to stir. These epic storms and tornadoes are very common during the hot summer, especially in North and Middle America often referred to as tornado season. These epic storms usually strike in the evening or midnight and cause destruction but they can be beautiful when caught by the camera in the right moments. Take a look of stunning photos of some of the rare epic storms captured in recent summer around the globe.
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo credit: National geographic
Photo Credit: Douglas Taylor
Photo Credit: Pinterest
An electrifying image caught by the camera during the rare phenomenon of the Cloud burst.
Photo Credit: Pinterest
Nature photographer Jeremy Holmes captured this beautiful image during a tornado usually hit American states in the evening.
Photo credit: Jeremy Holmes
A stunning photo captured during some of the rare epic storms in a volcanic region.
A Volcanic thunderstorm Photo Credit: Pinterest
Photo credit: Pinterest
A stunning photo captured in a midnight epic storm in Middle America.
Pakistan is not
deficient of bright minds and hardworking individuals. There have been many
inspiring souls over the years who gave their best to this country and worked
endlessly for the promotion of science and for making it a safer and
respect-worthy state in the comity of nations. This Independence Day, we look
at some of the renowned personalities in the field of science.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
President Leghari presenting a civil award to Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
Born on 27 April 1936,
a nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan has been
named as “Mohsin-e-Pakistan”. His hard work and passion made one dream for
Pakistan possible that looked rather difficult. After coming to Pakistan in
1974, he worked to convince the then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and
Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan to go for
uranium accretion instead of plutonium. He was later given a part in the 1975
project and he started research on gas centrifuges with Dr. Khalil Qureshi,
which was a new idea at that time.
After the establishment of Engineering Research Laboratory or ERL, the scientists of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and ERL researched separately form each other and in 1981, Dr. Qadeer Khan was made the director of ERL and its name was changed to A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories, where he successfully made the first atomic device in 1984, after working endlessly day and night along with his team. Dr. Qadeer Khan saw many controversies to his name. Claims were made that he allegedly stole atomic information from Holland, and he was respectfully acquitted. In 2004, during the era of former President General (R) Pervaiz Musharraf, he was charged with providing sensitive information to other countries and as a result, he faced custody at home. Even though he was freed after judicial and public response, he still lives a secluded life and is devoid of the respect and honor he duly deserves.
Dr. Abdus Salam
Dr. Abdus Salam is the only Nobel Laureate in Science from Pakistan
Dr. Abdus Salam was
born on 29 January 1926 in Jhang, Punjab. He is the first and only Pakistani
scientist who was jointly awarded the coveted Nobel Prize in 1979 for his work
on electroweak unification theory along with two Western scientists. Dr. Salam
had a long relationship with the nuclear program of Pakistan and he served as
the Science Advisor to the Government of Pakistan from the year 1960 to 1974,
where he played an effective role in promoting scientific research and in
establishing a basic infrastructure for science and technology in the country.
Because of his
efforts, SUPARCO (an acronym for Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission) came into being which is still the only space research institute in
Pakistan. He also provided his services to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
where he worked to bring scientists to one platform and because of that
“Theoretical Physicist” and “Mathematical Physicist” groups were formed and
that’s why he is often called as the “Scientific Father” of Pakistan’s atomic
program. In 1965, taking permission from President Ayyub Khan, he made a
contract with Canada to establish a nuclear power plant in Karachi and in the
same year, because of his efforts not only did America agree to provide a
research reactor but he also joined hands with Edward Stone who provided help
for establishing the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences. Unfortunately, in
1974 due to religious and personal differences, he waved goodbye to his
homeland forever.
Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan
Dr. Munir (R) briefing President Zia-ul-Haq (M)
Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan
is credited with being the creator of Pakistan’s atomic program. He served as a
Senior Technical Staff to International Atomic Energy Commission for a long
time and earned the name “Reactor Khan”.
Seeing his experience
in reactor technology and powerplants, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto made him the
Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and under his leadership,
plutonium accretion project started for which he signed contracts with France
and other countries but after the arrival of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan the plan
changed. He is widely appreciated for staying away from political and other
conflicts and throughout his long career, just focused on promoting science and
technology and nuclear research.
His biggest work was
the establishment of the Kahuta Enrichment Plant, where many famous scientists
worked hard day and night and provided their valuable services for science. Dr.
Munir served as Chairman of PAEC till 1991 and he was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz
and Hilal-e-Imtiaz by Government of Pakistan for his immense contributions.
Dr. Muhammad Raziuddin
Siddiqui
Dr. Raziuddin served as the Vice-Chancellor for many Pakistani Universities
Dr. Muhammad Raziuddin
Siddiqui was born in Hyderabad (British India) in 1908, and he did his Masters
in Mathematics from Cambridge University and Ph.D. in Mathematics and Quantum
Physics from Leipzig University, Germany. In the 1960s, he worked with the
British Atomic Program and during his research at Cavendish Laboratory wrote
several acclaimed research papers that were published in renowned journals.
After the independence
of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, he settled in Karachi on the request of
Governor-General and in 1950, established All Pakistan Mathematics Association.
He worked endlessly for better educational standards in the country and was
appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad along
with other universities of Sindh and Peshawar.
He provided his services to Pakistan Atomic Energy and made different groups with Dr. Abdus Salam, Dr. I. H. Usmani, and Dr. Riazuddin, which made valuable research possible at PAEC and helped promote Advanced Mathematics in the country. He was awarded three highest civil honors by the Government of Pakistan that included Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz, and Nishan-e-Imtiaz.
The Internet provides a way to the patients with unrecognized rare diseases, according to a recent study published in the journal “Genetics in Medicine”, which used the example of a rare inherited disease ADTKD to demonstrate the potency of the internet to help diagnose patients with mysterious diseases.
Internet may help diagnose people with rare disorders
“Rare diseases, especially inherited ones, are often not correctly diagnosed by primary care physicians and even specialists because they are so uncommon, and a provider who does have expertise may be located very far from the patient,” said the study’s lead author, Anthony J. Bleyer, M.D., professor of nephrology at the medical school.
While online searches can frequently fail to provide relevant or correct health information, the internet does offer those with rare disorders a way to find the rare specialists interested in a particular condition and obtain accurate information about it.
In the study, researchers investigated 665 referrals made from 1996 to 2017 to a wake forest school of Medicine research center specializing in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), a group of diseases that affects the tubules of the kidney and gradually causes the kidney to stop functioning. Of all the referrals, 40% were from healthcare providers at academic medical centers, 33% were from nonacademic health care providers, and 27% were self-referrals from individuals or family members, who contacted the website directly without the guidance of any health care provider.
27% of the referrals from the academic center, 25% from the non-academic center and 24% self-referrals showed positive results for genetic testing; indicating the presence of ADTKD. The study encapsulates the idea that 25% of the self-referrals who represented 42 families and 116 individuals would have gone unrecognized if they had not contacted the website directly.
“The similar percentages of positive results from the three types of referrals indicate that actively pursuing self-diagnosis using the internet can be successful,” Dr. Anthony J. Bleyer, said in a statement.
“One-quarter of the families found to have ADTKD were diagnosed as a result of direct contact with the center through the internet, which represents 42 families and 116 individuals who otherwise would have gone undiagnosed if a family member had not contacted us.”
Researchers explained the importance of the internet in recognizing the rare diseases as it gives its users access to unlimited valuable data leading to more diagnosis. Researchers also emphasize that centers specializing in rare disorders should make online access to the public, their prior concern.
Today we see the islands of garbage on the ocean surface. The ocean converts into the molls of debris just because of human activities. Every year many industries dump millions of their trash and waste material into the ocean. Oil and gas mining activities and some accidents like oil spills also polluting the ocean and harm the aquatic life. Every year millions of fishes die by trapping in the net and wires that fisherman discards into the ocean.
Thousands of aquatic life die due to eating plastic material. The toxic material that we throw into the ocean also affects all species around, either directly or indirectly. Fish eat the poison and toxic material, the cycle continues and the toxic materials fish eat enter into our bodies. These toxic materials not only affect aquatic life also affect the overall food chain. The only way to get rid of this worst situation is “Ocean Privatization”.
Ocean privatization if fair or not?
How we solve this
problem?
This problem can resolve by privatizing the ocean. Ocean privatization is a process in which the Government gives property rights of some part of the ocean to the company and any individual, same as the selling some part of land property.
As an American economist and theorist Walter Block said that “there are vast areas of human existence where the private property right plays no role at all”. We can say that the ocean privatization is a very interesting story to develop the property right of ocean fisheries.
Most of the beaches around the globe has turned into rubbish dumpsters.
How pubic pollute an Ocean?
A serious problem with our masses is the misuse of public places. This process starts when the landlord keeps a large area of land and gives on rent to the farmer and labor. The farmer is not allowed to use the plot for farming and other cattle grazing purposes because these activities diminish its value. This problem of land ownership still present. To solve this problem Government act as landlord charging taxes.
Consequently, the landlord abandons the land and the area used for different public outing sites like national parks, beaches, etc. Due to these activities, the oceans have badly affected. Peoples throw bottles, cans and other plastic materials into the sea and making it over-polluted.
Fish companies closing their business in the ocean areas contaminated with toxic materials
Don’t pollute own land
Most of the companies working on ocean businesses never prefer an area filled with debris. The fish companies don’t show interest to catch or buy fishes those are contaminated with toxic material which will eventually result in a slight decrease in fisheries business.
Charge those, who
pollute your ocean part
When an ocean is got privatized, the owner would generate his own rules and rights, policies and can charge other companies as per desire. The owner invests on his own ocean plot to attract the companies and other tourists.
Therefore, when someone pollutes his piece of the ocean he will charge a fee and can punish if the shipping industry and oil and gas mining companies pollute the ocean more than his set limit he will be able to charge these companies as well. The same policies apply in the Montreal protocol in which, if industry release more (CO2) from the set limit, the industry has to pay for it. In this way, ocean privatization can play its part in the eradication of environmental pollution.
Benefits of the ocean privatization & How an ocean can get privatize?
At present, many countries invest in ocean cleaning projects and thousands of dollars have invested for the coastal guards. This year, the US government owed $10.6 Billion to the coast guard. According to an official working on ocean privatizing project:
If the Government sells the property right to a company then it could not invest in the coastal guards. We are working to ensure the business policies and novelty in the private ocean and will give rise in the revenue. We are hopeful that such efforts will result in the wellbeing of the aquatic life and ocean water quality.
Researchers from Harvard T. H. Chan School of
Public Health discovered that people who consume a more plant-based diet have
23 percent less chance of conceiving Type 2 diabetes than those who eat lesser
vegetables. It was also noted that this association was higher for people whose
diets highlighted healthy plant-based foods.
This research is also published in JAMA Internal Magazine.
Frank Qian, who carried out the research in his MS Nutrition, remarked that such diets were rapidly becoming popular among the masses, so it was rudimentary to quantify its corporation with the risk of diabetes. That was because such diets differed greatly in their compositions.
Previous studies have indeed indicated a relationship between diets based in plants and the risk of Type 2 Diabetes, but, but we cannot be sure due to an insufficiency of epidemiological proof. The researchers say that the current and latest study is the strongest indication of this affiliation.
The scientists involved carried out 9 experiments, which were then published in February 2019. Their analyzed data included that from 307099 participants, with 23544 Type 2 Diabetes cases. They worked with a variety of plant-based foods. Healthy choices included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes, while less healthy ones comprised of potatoes, refined flour, sugar and ample amounts of animal products. “Healthful” diets included a mixture of both, but healthy predominating the less healthy.
Heart shape by various vegetables and fruits
Healthy plant-based foods improve Insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, weight issues, and systemic inflammation and thus minimize the risk of diabetes.
Associate Professor of Nutrition, Qi Sun, elucidated that the data collected overall pointed to the fact that plant-based food plays a key role in the maintenance of good health. People should include fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains, tofu, etc as the main constituent of their diets for the betterment of their health.
Fireballs and blazing meteor showers are a rare sight. But this month, on 4th August, we got to witness an alpha capricornids meteor shower in the night skies and we have collected some images taken around the world of this striking phenomenon.
Meteor showers usually happen when the debris of comets and asteroids fly by the earth which lights up the sky. Upon entering the atmosphere of our planet, they burn up at the height of around 100 km and appear as flaming fireballs or shooting stars. The alpha capricornids were discovered by Hungarian astronomer Miklos von Konkoly Thege and these showers usually occur between the months of July and August. These meteors date back to approximately 5000 years ago, which eventually formed a cloud of dust around Earth’s orbit.
The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’, means a sudden shift in winds. The monsoon sets in summer season when a large sea breeze, occurs, the wind blows from the cooler ocean to the much warmer land area. This seasonal weather pattern is the outcome of changes in the atmosphere cycle, the warmth of both the land and the sea results in a heavy downpour.
Roads in Karachi after a recent heavy downpour
Although in Pakistan, most people associate monsoons with rain due to the lack of sufficient scientific knowledge and awareness. However, these winds can also result in dry phases as well. A monsoon may not cause much change at all in the weather, while in some cases it can turn a desert into lush, green grassland, entirely dependent on the location.
Global warming and climate changes are the concern of every nation. Pakistan is also under severe climate changes for more than two decades and many parts specially Sindh and Baluchistan provinces have been facing drastic draught for more two years. In Sindh, the Monsoon brings heavy rains in the summer season, unfortunately, there had been fewer rains for the last two years in Karachi and rural Sindh.
During monsoon, there are weather hazards that people should be aware of including but not limited to downburst winds, lightning, dust storms, thunderstorms, wildfires, electrocuting, extreme heat and flash floods. Karachi has recently faced a fresh spell of heavy rains as finally, the monsoon set in after a wide gap of more than two years. Several causalities like urban flooding specifically in old parts of Provincial capital, traffic jam, and road sliding/accidents had been reported but a piece of shocking news was the death of two brothers who died due to electrocuting.
Karachi is particularly famous because of its debris, open flicker, streets rubbish , improper drainage system, and several epidemics during summer and monsoon season. After recent massive urban flooding, the authorities are shifting the blame on others and none has real concern how can such situation be dealt wisely in future to avoid death toll and massive destruction. Here is a debate around it.
Senior Journalist Fawwad Raza discusses the current situation with renown social activist Mr. Syed Zafar Abbas
To avoid an electrical hazard in the rainy season some safety measures are necessary like:
Check your electrical fittings before monsoon season sets in.
Avoid electrical work or chores during rains.
Make sure that the wires outside your home and in your street are working well if you find something that can results in causality during rainy season inform to the electric supply company of your area.
Though it is the major responsibility of electricity Supply a company like K-electric, to devising a safety plan for the masses, individually people can make efforts for their safety before a monsoon season starts.
Electrical companies, in particular, disseminate information regarding electrical hazards to ensure the safety of their client base, as well as other people.
Researchers at the University of Warsaw in Poland measured the distance between Sun and thousands of individual bright pulsating stars know as cepheids-massive young stellar bodies, to chart galaxy on a larger scale. Scientists used cepheids as cosmic yardsticks due to their periodic variation in brightness. By determining the 3D coordinates of each star relative to Sun, scientists created a 3D map of the Milky Way. The map was published in the journal Science on Thursday.
Researchers used this telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile to image the entire Milky way and find “cepheid” stars. K. Ulaczyk / J. Skowron / OGLE / Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw.
According to the newly created 3D map of the galaxy, the disc is not flat instead of the edges of the Milky way bend slightly, giving the warped stellar disc of the Milky way an S like structure. Warping of the disc has been detected before but scientists for the first time used individual objects to trace its shape in three dimensions.
“Our map shows the Milky Way disk is not flat. It is warped and twisted,” co-author of the paper Przemek Mroz said in a statement. “This is the first time we can use individual objects to show this in three dimensions.”
The Milky Way’s disk is not flat, but curves at the edges in an S shape. Photo Credit: J. Skowron / OGLE / Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw.
Scientists believe that the warping of the Milky way is mainly caused by torques or rotational forcing by the inner disc or past interactions with smaller galaxies within the Milky way or as a result of intergalactic gas and dark matter.
Thereare simply too many ways our skin can get damaged like cuts, scrapes, blisters, and burns are just a few examples. The usual treatment involves the simple principle of covering the wound with a band-aid or adhesive gauze. This is effective because it does not permit infectious microorganisms to enter into our bloodstream via the skin and also helps in healing.
Bio-inspired wound dressing contracts in response to body heat
Recently, advanced wound dressings allow the optimum pH and temperature for healing to be kept in mind as well. But are not common because they can not easily manufacture and supplied since they are expensive and beyond the approach of the public.
To improve and accelerate wound healing, heat-responsive hydrogels are being looked into. Active Adhesive Dressings (AADs) are elastic, strong and antimicrobial. They encourage fast healing of wounds and inhibit the growth of bacteria without further preventive measures. The researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, the Harvard John A. Paulson School for Engineering and Applied Sciences and McGill University just came across another technique to heal the wounds.
David Mooney is a founding core faculty member of the Wyss Institute and the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS, speculates how it can also be used for chronic wounds including diabetic ulcers, pressure sores, for drug delivery and as components of soft robotics-based therapies.
The inspiration for creating AADs comes from developing embryos, whose skin has the capacity to completely heal without forming a scar. The embryonic skin cells produce actin fibers around the wound and pull its edges closer, similar in mechanism to a drawstring pouch being closed. Once the fetus develops pass a certain point, this characteristic is sadly lost, and healing involves inflammation and scarring.
To mimic this beautiful mechanism of nature, scientists added thermoresponsive polymer PNIPAm to the hydrogels, which is hydrophobic and shrinks at 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The result is a hybrid hydrogel which contracts when exposed to body heat, transferring the forces of the contracting polymer to the tissue beneath through strong bonds between the tissue and the hydrogel. As well as this, AAD has silver nanoparticles embedded in it, which offer protection against microbes.
Benjamin Franklin is a post-doctoral fellow in the Mooney lab and a leader in the project. He exclaims that AAD has 10 times the binding strength of usual Band-Aid and preventing bacterial growth. Ignoring its wound-closing properties, this invention is still a lot better than ordinary first-aid products.
Researchers tested AAD on patches of mouse skin and were pleased to discover that wound area size reduced by 45 percent and healer much faster than not treated or treated with microgels, chitosan, gelatin, and other hydrogels. AAD is safe for use on living tissue as it causes no swelling or immune response. Researchers are also able to adjust the amount of the wound closed with AAD by modifying the amounts of acrylamide monomers while manufacturing.
Co-first author Jianyu Li commented on how this particular property could prove useful upon application to the elbow area, which requires movement compared to the static areas like the shin. Jianyu Li is a former postdoctoral fellow at the Wyss Institute and presently holds a post as an assistant professor at the McGill University.
The team also computerised wound closure with the help of AAD and predicted that it causes human skin to contract at a comparable rate to that of the mouse. This shows that it has higher chances of showing clinical benefit in the case of humans.
The research continues along with studies that help to learn further about how AAD mechanically affects the bioprocess of healing and how it is affected by body temperature and body locations. Additional studies revolve around AAD’s future in medicine, and whether it is worth commercialization.
The day 20th July 1969 was a remarkable date when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got the privilege and became the first astronauts who stepped onto the moon. The spaceship named as Apollo-11 lunar lander took them into space and paved the new ways for exploration of the wonderful and fascinating world of space. The spaceship was a masterpiece developed through the power of human wisdom. Approximately the team of 400,000 people comprising of scientists, engineers, intellectuals, were involved in the mission known as ‘’Apollo Program’’, which was started by NASA in 1961. Ultimately, it was the Apollo 11 mission that got success.
NASA had given the name Eagle to specially designed spacecraft that sent through Saturn 5 rocket in the quest to explore nature.
A huge financial budget was spent on the dream of landing on the moon
History about everything starts by discussing its pioneers, Orville and Wilbur, American aviation pioneers, gave a new dimension by implementing the idea of flying after observing birds in 1903. Later, curious, imaginative and thinking nature of human beings shaped the technological pathway to fly not only on earth but also to other planets. During the Apollo mission, the personal luggage of Neil Armstrong includes some pieces of wood and fabric from the flying machine created by Wright brothers.
Apart from NASA’s efforts and application of emerging technologies, the huge financial budget spent on the dream of landing on the moon. On the other hand, the expensive mission was also criticized by some of the social activists; their opinion was to spend that amount for the welfare of society instead of spending on such unpredictable experiments. They also believed that even in case of success, that achievement would not have useful future implications for humanity. Due to this social pressure, president Richard Nixon had written a speech in advance in case of having an unexpected failure.
No doubt, the mission was of great importance and gained a lot of popularity not only in media and public of the United States but around the globe. The event was broadcasted live on TV and watched by almost 650 million people according to an estimate.
Spacecraft carrying Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins flew from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 16th July 1969. When they reached to their desired destiny, only one module of spacecraft having Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon while another module revolved around it where Michael Collins served as a pilot. In this way, Michael Collins performed his assigned duty with full dedication and professionalism without experiencing himself the happiness of walking on the moon.
The crew for Apollo 11 mission
All the astronauts lived in quarantine for 21 days after safe come back. The reason behind this action was the expected chance that astronauts might have carried some disease or micro-organism from the moon.
The spacecraft was programmed for safe landing of astronauts on the moon. Upon reaching the point, they realized that it’s not a suitable place to land has a lot of rocks. Therefore, both astronauts analyzed the area in order to find a suitable place for landing and managed to land safely on the location of their choice. During the search of the appropriate location, more fuel had been consumed and they landed just before 25 seconds of fuel remaining.
Many belongings of human beings like pictures and sound recordings were left on the moon to symbolize their adventurous journey. Total time expenditure of astronauts on the neighboring planet was twenty-one hours and thirty-six minutes.
Astronauts gathered some samples of rocks and soil from the moon’s surface during their extravehicular activity (EVA). EVA is total time spend by astronauts outside the earth’s atmosphere to perform some activity in space. They collected a total of about 22 kilograms material that comprised of about 50 rocks. They found two major types of rocks, basalts, and breccias, from their area of landing but later analysis of these samples showed that there was no occurrence of water and micro-organisms ever on the moon.
Rocks that were carried by astronauts to earth were 3.7 billion years old
according to the information obtained from their analysis.
Planting the US flag on the moon was a difficult task
Astronauts embedded America’s flag on the moon’s surface and that was a difficult task due to its hard-rocky surface. Before leaving from the earth, it was a point of discussion that whether it is suitable to place a flag of a single country or not. Finally, it was decided that the American flag would be embedded with a board having written the words “came in peace for all mankind.”
According to their observations, the moon had a unique smell like wet ashes in a fireplace or a pungent metallic smell. The computer system used in the spacecraft was less advanced in technology as compared to our commonly used items like smartphones nowadays. Drinking water remained bubbly throughout the journey in space due to some issue of hydrogen gas filters in spacecraft. Aldrin disclosed the fact that ‘’communion wafer’’ was the first food
item enjoyed by astronauts after leaving earth. It is a bread having
ingredients like flour, yeast, salt. etc.
Armstrong words had not been heard properly on earth. His phrase reached as “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”. According to him, he said that “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. It was just the confusion of sound ‘a’.
Aldrin and Armstrong were optimistic for successful landing but still, they signed many papers to secure the future of their families in case of facing any unexpected accident. Luckily, they returned safely.
Astronauts placed a mirror after stepping on the moon to perform a lunar laser ranging experiment. Purpose of this experiment was to calculate the distance of the moon from the earth by throwing a beam of laser and recorded time of its return to earth. An important circuit of spaceship had been damaged by Aldrin mistakenly. That was the time when only they can help themselves to get rid of this problem. Armstrong quickly set a pin in the hole of that broken circuit and succeeded in resolving it.
Stepping on our neighboring planet moon was the first step in the exploration of the space world. President J.F. Kennedy stated about the Apollo 11 mission:
“No single project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space, and none [other] will be so difficult to accomplish.”
