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Understanding ADHD: Exploring Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatment Strategies

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“ADHD is a performance disorder. You cannot perform the things you know how to do. It is not a knowledge disorder,” says Dr. Russell Alan Barkley, an American retired clinical neuropsychologist and a clinical professor of psychiatry. 

ADHD is a neurological disorder affecting children and their ability to perform function. It is characterized by patterns of inattention or difficulty in paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior involving the child’s development. Children with ADHD are often labeled as troublemakers. Inattention is the difficulty of consistently focusing on one task and staying organized. Inattention might include missing deadlines, difficulty following instructions and concentrating on one task, getting distracted, disorganizing tasks, forgetting or losing the necessary things, etc. 

Hyperactivity refers to a condition in which a person experiences continuous movement and a high energy level. Impulsivity is when a person loses self-control and does things without thinking. The adults may include the behaviors of making decisions impulsively and without thinking about their long-term results or consequences.

Hyperactivity-impulsivity includes the symptoms of constant motion, talking unnecessarily, interfering with others, speaking loud, aggression, poor time management, anti-social behavior, frustrations, stress, fidgetiness, nervousness, wriggling, restlessness, etc. The adults usually exhibit symptoms related to mood, impulsiveness, and low self-esteem. These symptoms do not appear suddenly, but people continue to experience them, affecting their daily functions. 

Commonly, people suffer from such conditions in their everyday lives, too. More often than not, they cannot recognize that they have ADHD because they think that symptoms like missing deadlines, forgetting meetings, or difficulties in everyday tasks are just the challenges of life. However, the condition of ADHD is when the symptoms are very severe and persistent. 

Types of ADHD

Usually, the symptoms of ADHD start appearing at the age of three and can continue to adulthood. Then, as they grow, the symptoms of inattention dominate during their school, daily tasks, classrooms, etc., and the adults seem to suffer more from impulsivity, restlessness, aggression, etc. The symptoms can be due to one factor or a combined effect of all conditions. 

Based on its symptoms, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has categorized ADHD into three types. 

Predominantly Inactive: In this category, people have symptoms of inattention and inactivity, like difficulty focusing, completing tasks, following guidelines, etc., for at least six months. This type of behavior is more common in girls and often goes undiagnosed because of unawareness and ignoring the symptoms. 

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive: It includes the symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness like fidgetiness, interrupting people, excessive talking, aggression, etc., that have been present for the past six months. 

Usually, the symptoms of ADHD start appearing at the age of three and can continue to adulthood.
Usually, the symptoms of ADHD start appearing at the age of three and can continue to adulthood. Credits: Unsplash

Combined Type: In this, the people display the combined symptoms of both conditions, including inactivity, impulsive behavior, and high activity levels for the last six months. This is the most common type of ADHD in people. 

What causes ADHD?

While addressing the causes of ADHD, researchers suggest a combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors influencing ADHD. This psychiatric condition is heritable to the next generations and primarily develops the risk in siblings than the other population. Among the environmental factors are brain injuries, malnutrition, exposure to alcohol, smoke, or lead during pregnancy, and developmental problems in the central nervous system, premature birth all contribute to the cause of ADHD. 

In general, ADHD is more common in males than females, with a ratio of 5 to 1. In Pakistan, around 2.49% of the population has been diagnosed with ADHD. Sometimes, the symptoms of ADHD coexist with other mental problems like anxiety disorder, mood disorder, depression, stress, and learning disabilities that worsen the condition. 

Diagnosis of ADHD

Diagnosis of ADHD is essential. The sooner we recognize the patterns and start working on them, the better it is for the patient’s health. The diagnosis of ADHD seems complicated sometimes because the persons are unaware of the feelings or symptoms they are suffering from, or they can misunderstand the symptoms of other disorders with ADHD. 

For diagnosis of ADHD, the symptoms must be present from an early age before 12 years, at least appeared constantly for six months, must be chronic or long-lasting, present in two or more settings like home, school, workplace, etc. and affect the development and normal functions of life. And the symptoms should not be mixed with other disorders like mood disorders, developmental or learning disorders involving the differential diagnosis of the condition. 

The diagnosis is provided by primary care providers, mental health professionals, and clinical psychologists. There are no specific laboratory tests to diagnose ADHD; hence, they are done clinically. For this, considering the patient’s history is very important. Then, the symptoms are evaluated clinically based on different scales and involve foreign relations between patients, such as parents and teachers. It can help them get information on the symptoms parents have observed. 

Treatment and Medication

The treatment of ADHD patients mainly includes two types of medications for treating the symptoms of the disease: stimulants and non-stimulants, as approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Neurologists prescribe all these medications, including the American Association of Psychiatric (AAP) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC), for the treatment of patients with different stages of ADHD. 

Stimulants are drugs that speed up bodily functions like the brain, heart, and muscles. They can make a person feel more alert, energetic, confident, or happy. These include amphetamines and methylphenidate-based medications, and they both tend to increase the level of dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with pleasure, reward, motivation, and motor control) and norepinephrine (a hormone that reacts to stressful situations like increasing your heart rate and blood pressure) in the brain. 

Thereby, these stimulate attention, thinking, and focus. Stimulants are the most effective medication in about 70 percent of patients, available in different formulations, and generally considered safe.

According to Dr. Russel Barkly, “These stimulants are a form of genetic therapy; they tend to modify the neurogenetic impact of the disorder in the brain by altering the genes in the brain. But they only work when inside the brain’s bloodstream temporarily.” However, the side effects persist, such as loss of sleep and hunger, alteration in blood pressure, and more dependency on others. These side effects can occur due to misuse or excessive use of medication. 

Non-stimulant drugs are medications that can help treat ADHD without affecting the levels of dopamine. They target other brain chemicals, such as norepinephrine, which can also affect attention and behavior. These non-stimulants were approved for treating ADHD in 2003; they also work by enhancing focus and attention and reducing the impulsiveness of patients. 

These medications include slow-working antidepressants and alpha agonists, but usually last longer for up to 24 hours. Among antidepressants, the most effective is atomoxetine, which elevates the levels of norepinephrine. Bupropion (increasing dopamine and serotine levels) and TCA (norepinephrine) are also examples of antidepressants. These are mainly recommended for children who cannot tolerate the stimulants or if stimulants are showing side effects or in combined therapy with stimulants. 

The other types of non-stimulants include alpha agonists (a class of drugs called sympathomimetics, which mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system and are life-saving drugs for heart attacks and treatments for cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions) like clonidine and guanfacine that act on the Central Nervous System and target epinephrine and norepinephrine.

 But these also show side effects like disturbing blood pressure, dizziness, and increased weight. The American Association of Psychiatric (AAP) suggests that healthcare providers look at these medications’ benefits and side effects on all patients and then recommend the dosages or treatment. 

Psychosocial interventions and Psychotherapy

Psychosocial treatment involves the treatment to help patients with ADHD and their families cope with the symptoms of disorders. One is behavioral therapy, designed to improve a person’s behavior. It includes training the patients and their families, and even in schools, for behavior management and improving normal daily functioning. 

Dr. Russel Barkley states, “Cognitive behavioral therapy does a pretty good job in boosting executive functioning in adults on medication.”

The American Psychiatric Association (AAP) has recommended these training and programs as a priority to the medication for children under age 6. For children above 6-12, behavioral therapy is given in combination with medication. Different cognitive-behavioral programs and training are conducted for patients. School behavior interventions are also done. 

Several benefits are owing to these behavioral therapies, including:

  1. Helping the patients to observe, manage, and control their anger and behavior.
  2. To improve focus and attention by learning to control their thoughts and teaching children social skills to improve their behavior like sharing, asking for help, waiting for their turns, speaking in slow voices, etc. 
  3. Helping the parents, teachers, and family observe and note the children’s behavior and establish the rules and routines accordingly.
  4. It helps parents deal with and respond to their child’s frustration, managing distractions like TV and noise during their study time and allowing them to organize their books, school bags, toys, etc. 
  5. Behavioral parent management training teaches parents to adopt rewarding behavior with their children and encourages them with positive feedback. 
  6. Furthermore, parents should adopt calm behavior to improve their children’s discipline instead of scolding them, help them break down complicated tasks, and adopt a positive, encouraging, and healthy lifestyle.
  7. Classroom management interventions help children improve their classroom and peer behavior using less classwork, preferred classroom sitting, and time relaxation during exams.

Natural remedies for ADHD

Besides medication and behavioral therapy, remedies can also help improve the symptoms of ADHD. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), physical activity of at least 60 minutes a day, nutrition and a balanced diet, regular sleep, limiting screen time on TV, phones, etc., adopting outdoor activities, and a positive and calm outlook for life can help ADHD patients relieve their symptoms. 

References:

  • Magnus, W., Nazir, S., Anilkumar, A. C., & Shaban, K. (2023, August 8). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441838/ 
  • Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, January 25). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878 
  • Núñez-Jaramillo, L., Herrera-Solís, A., & Herrera-Morales, W. V. (2021, March 1). ADHD: Reviewing the causes and evaluating solutions. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjpm11030166
  • This is how you treat ADHD based on science, dr Russell Barkley’s part of the 2012 Burnett lecture. YouTube. (2014, September 23). https://youtu.be/_tpB-B8BXk0?si=XTZBZTKtKjwShsPt 
  • Key Concerns and Strategies for Diagnosing and Treating Adults with ADHD w/ Russell Barkley, Ph.D. YouTube. (2023, April 06). https://youtu.be/W6JBgeFbYCc?si=Qeg_iCW33b7Jmg_E
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023, September). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, September 27). What is ADHD? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html 
  • Angel, T. (2023, November 1). Everything you need to know about ADHD. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd 
  • Nall, R. (2023, November 16). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd 

Similar Posts: Let’s talk about Mental Health in Pakistan

Does Life Exist Beyond Our Solar System?

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Bruce Frederick Damer, Ph.D. (brought into the world on 31 January 1962) is a Canadian-American multidisciplinary researcher, creator, and creator. Dr. Bruce Damer works with associates, creating and testing another model for the starting point of life on Earth and in the plan of shuttle structures to give a reasonable way to extend human development to the Earth.

He started his profession during the 1980s building up probably the most punctual UIs for PCs, drove a network during the 1990s bringing the first multi-client virtual universes to the Internet, and since 2000 bolstered NASA and the space business on various reenactments and shuttle plans.

Dr.Bruce Damer

He has gone through 25 years chronicling the historical backdrop of registering in his DigiBarn Computer Museum and ministers files of counterculture figures, for example, Dr. Timothy Leary, Terence McKenna, and others. He at present fills in as Principal Scientist at DigitalSpace, Associate Researcher in the Department of Biomolecular Engineering at UC Santa Cruz, Associate of the NASA Astrobiology Center, Member of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, and Founding Director of the Contact Consortium.

Additionally. he filled in as a Visiting Scholar at the University of Washington and as an individual from the Faculty at Charles University, Prague. He got his Ph.D. from University College, Dublin, MSEE from the University of Southern California, and BSc from the University of Victoria. Dr. Damer is a devotee of a logical way of thinking about liminality, involving a limit between objective, reductionist, and realist ways to deal with reality. However, it is open to motivation from elective conditions of awareness.

He has assembled a routine regarding deliberately looking for visionary encounters through reflective states that can be grounded in logical bits of knowledge or directing stories. He has refined this way of thinking since his youth when he involved himself in entering imaginal universes and communicating those universes through his work of art. Dr. Damer is, as of now, looking into a book dependent on meetings with different experts of what he terms the “endo way”, which means bits of knowledge sourced through endogenous techniques which, at that point, practically apply their bits of wisdom to certifiable applications.

You are a Canadian-American multidisciplinary scientist, designer, and author. Let us know who has been the real inspiration behind your great passion for astronomy.

I am passionate about studying how life might have originated on Earth four billion years ago. I started on this quest as a nerdy 14-year-old in Canada. Later, I got into computers, which helped me test models, and then met Prof. David Deamer at UC Santa Cruz, and we partnered to create a complete hypothesis for the Origin of Life. I am attaching a figure from our main paper explaining the model. Feel free to use it.  

How much time (years) will it take for the technology of Earth to colonize other planets, if possible? 

We will build large structures in space long before we colonize the moon or Mars. Those places are probably too hostile to place large settlements. Think of a cruise ship going to Antarctica; people can visit but would rather stay on the comfortable and well-provisioned ship. 

In your opinion, where is scientific research lacking in solving the puzzle of extraterrestrial life? 

We can only image distant exoplanets with faint signals for the Origin of Life and determine their atmospheric content or rough size. So, detecting life that way is difficult. Most life outside the Earth is probably microbial communities. Complex life is probably scarce, and life making mega-structures or traveling between the stars is even rarer still. So, solving the puzzle of whether life exists elsewhere faces significant challenges. 

Is there a working definition of life? What are the environmental limits or “extremes” under which life can survive?

A couple of years ago, NASA worked with a group of our colleagues to come up with an exact definition of life and ended up with these words:

This is probably pretty broad but safe. Life needs liquid water to get started and be sustained. Winston Churchill wrote about the conditions for life way back in the 1930s; this article is worth reading.

With an interpretation of his fascinating insights here in Science:

Winston Churchill at his desk in 1939: a prolific writer, he covered scientific topics as diverse as evolution and fusion power.
Winston Churchill was at his desk in 1939. He was a prolific writer, covering scientific topics as diverse as evolution and fusion power.
What is Astrobiology? What life might look like on another planet?

Astrobiology studies extraterrestrial life or life in the Universe, other planets, and what might make them habitable. It is about a great deal more, but this is a core mission of the field. Life on other planets would start by being composed of simple cells, which form aggregates, and if they are lucky enough, they evolve into complex multicellular organisms.

What would you say about your TedX talk on “Coupled Phases Model for the Origin of Life”? 

This talk introduced Dave and my hypothesis to the public in 2015. It was followed by a paper our colleagues have cited and hopefully read.

Dr Bruce spoke on origin of life ans simulating artificial life in computers.
Would you like to share about  DigiBarn Computer Museum?

It is a personal passion of mine to collect and document the evolution of computing. This passion led me to meet Dave Deamer in 2009, and I am glad to have this hobby.

The DigiBarn Computer Museum seeks to capture personal stories and track technological evolution through an extensive collection of vintage computer systems, manuals, videos, interviews, and other fossil relics of the “Cambrian explosion” of personal computing that ignited in 1975. When we get visitors who “burst into tears” upon seeing specific systems that may have defined their lives and careers, our cameras roll to capture the inevitable stories. Thus, the interconnected redwood rooms of the museum constitute a kind of “memory palace” for the nerd-inclined and help us piece together the incredible story of the invention of personal computing and Cyberspace.

DigiDude, Digibarn curator Dr.Bruce welcomes you to REBOOT.
Dr. Bruce Damer Digibarn curator
http://www.damer.com
Let us know about the “Terrestrial Origins Hypothesis”?

We call it the Hot Spring Hypothesis for the Origin of Life. I am copying the cover article from Scientific American here to interest readers. Origin of Life researcher Professor Bruce Damer presents an exciting four-part essay on the Hot Spring Hypothesis for the Origin of Life and how this connects to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.

Would you like to share your effort in designing a concept spacecraft capable of harvesting resources from asteroids?

This is another passion I developed when I was 16 years old. I felt that life should have a pathway to move beyond its birthplace of Earth out into the Universe so that the Origin of Life (and we) can continue. 

What would you say about the most highlighted question? “How did the origin of life occur, and how did it evolve?”

How can molecules self-assemble into a complex system capable of making copies of itself, passing on all its traits? That copying requires a really complex machine. I think we now can see that big complex machines can emerge through the interaction of simpler ones, which is a big clue. 

What were the objectives behind the establishment of “psychedelia,” and how much it has been achieved so far? 

That is a project of mine to archive the talks, papers, and visions of psychedelic explorers such as Timothy Leary and Terence McKenna. These and other people explore worlds that seem otherworldly but that come into their consciousness through the use of psychoactive substances, mainly plants. One could ask: where do these visions come from? Visions come to many people, not only through these plants, so that we can ask that question in general. 

Would you like to share your experience in storytelling performances, such as at the Lightening in the Bottle Festival California, 2015?

Yes, it has been a lot of fun! I bring my stories of Science into poetry with DJ and VJ friends, illuminating them with visuals and lovely music tracks. It is an exciting way to reach the new generation and keep their attention away from their phones and social media. You can listen to the whole Fire in the Sky show here:

Moreover, for the 50th Levity Zone podcast, I offered “Fire in the Sky”, a four-part full-tilt poetic journey from the birth of the cosmos through the origin of life and human conscious awareness. This piece was later performed on stage with Android Jones and Val Santana at the 2016 Lightning in a Bottle festival. Here are some of its clips:

One can find it worth watching the Levity Zone Podcast of Dr. Bruce Demar:

The Emotional Connection between the Brain and Heart 

Do you follow your brain or heart? Or does your heart always take the lead? Do you know if there is an association between the decision-making power of the brain and the heart? If you have these questions, the answer is, “Yes, there is a strong relationship between the brain and heart, but your brain always takes the lead.”

Psychological well-being has a strong association with a person’s health. Various studies have shown that if a person’s emotional stability or psychological health is compromised, there is an excellent chance of the occurrence of multiple diseases. The study of this relationship between the nervous and cardiovascular systems is termed Neurocardiology.

What is Neurocardiology?

Neurocardiology has many aspects, but it is usually divided into three major categories, these include: 

1. The effect of the heart on the brain.

2. The effect of the brain on the heart.

3. Various neuro-cardiac syndromes.

Several studies have shown that the overactivity of the sympathetic limb of the autonomic nervous system is a general pathway associated with most of the cardiac pathologies occurring because of neurological ailments, indicating that neurological catastrophes might be the significant contributing factors to cardiac complications and related mortalities. Also, these effects on cardiac health might contribute to the deaths associated with primary neurological conditions. 

Mind-heart-body connection

The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, which comprise several synaptic routes from myocardial cells back to peripheral ganglionic neurons and then to central preganglionic and premotor neurons, allow the brain to control the heart directly. Cardiac function can be significantly impacted by central autonomic instructions, such as those related to stress, physical activity, alertness, and sleep, as well as reflex activation of cardiac autonomic nerves in response to inputs from baro-, chemo-, nasopharyngeal-, and other receptors.

In the clinical situation, neurodegenerative diseases typically cause progressively increasing autonomic failure. In contrast, vascular, inflammatory, or traumatic lesions of the autonomic nervous system, pharmacological side effects, and long-term neurological conditions can cause autonomic hyperactivity with both short-term and long-term signs of an imbalance. The impact of an unbalanced brain-heart relationship is detrimental to health, both acute and chronic. 

brain and heart
Research has shown that the emotional well-being of a person has a substantial impact on heart health.

Effect of emotional stress on the brain 

The human nervous system consists of various neuronal structures, i.e., the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. Multiple genes are expressed differently in these different regions. The most prominent region of the brain associated with emotions is the amygdala. The amygdala assists in coordinating responses to the environment, especially for responses triggered by emotions. More specifically, it plays a vital role in fear and anger situations. 

Effect of emotional stress on the heart

On the other hand, research has shown that a person’s emotional well-being strongly impacts heart health. Emotional stress, stressors, and daily-life risk factors contribute to the occurrence and exacerbation of a wide variety of cardiac complications, leading to an increase in mortality rate. Various genes associated with neuronal structures and heart tissue are expressed in those tissues under normal conditions.

Still, when negative emotions occur due to external stimuli, these sudden emotions deregulate the gene expression of neuronal and cardiac-specific genes. This deregulation results in protein dysfunction, leading to various sorts of diseases and supporting the fact that emotions play, more specifically negatively, a major role in triggering and exacerbating multiple diseases. 

Hence, the connection between the brain and heart is the primary factor in the stability and strength of the human body. The psychological biology of neurocardiology emphasizes a strong correlation between the human brain and heart, leading to the exploration of more psychologically scientific approaches toward life.

References:

  1. Levine GN. (2019). The mind-heart-body connection. Circulation;140(17):1363-5.
  2. Samuels, M. A. (2007). The brain–heart connection. Circulation, 116(1), 77-84.
  3. Osteraas, N. D., & Lee, V. H. (2017). Neurocardiology. Handbook of clinical
    Neurology, 140, 49-65.
  4. Verny, T. Secrets of the Heart: The Significance of the Heart-Brain Connection.
  5. Chen, Y., & Baram, T. Z. (2016). Understanding how early-life stress reprograms
    Cognitive and emotional brain networks. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 197-206.
  6. Khosrowabadi, R. (2018). Stress and perception of emotional stimuli: Long-term stress
    rewiring the brain. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 9(2), 107.

Note: The article is written under the supervision of Dr. Muhammad Mustafa, Associate Prof, Deptt of Life Sciences at FCCU Lahore.

Also Read: Love-Hate Relationship between the Gut Microbiota and the Brain

Einstein and Hawking: Great Minds of Two Eras

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Today is 14th March. A day that marks the birthday of Albert Einstein and the death anniversary of another big name: Stephen Hawking. These two brilliant individuals may have had different eras of their prime, but both significantly impacted the world of science. They also led extraordinary lives, but many instances can be compared that show how they were very different yet very similar simultaneously.

Here is a pictorial comparison of the lives of two great minds!

Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in the Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire and Hawking (R) came into this world on 8 January 1942 in Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in the Kingdom of WürttembergGerman Empire, and Hawking (R) came into this world on 8 January 1942 in Oxford, England, United Kingdom.
At 16, Einstein had a life-changing moment when he was introduced to a children’s science series by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher which made him more interested in science. Hawking, on the other hand, studied natural sciences at Oxford and after receiving his B.A. in 1962, he went to Cambridge for graduate studies in Physics. At 21, he was diagnosed with ALS.
At 16, Einstein had a life-changing moment when he was introduced to a children’s science series by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher, which made him more interested in science. Hawking, on the other hand, studied natural sciences at Oxford, and after receiving his B.A. in 1962, he went to Cambridge to study physics. At 21, he was diagnosed with ALS.
Einstein took a very different approach to Physics. His most important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Hawking extensively studied quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. He showed that black holes emit radiation, known as Hawking radiation.
Einstein’s equation of energy and matter revolutionized the concepts of physics. His discovery of the photoelectric effect and his theory of general relativity were groundbreaking. Hawking gained international prominence for the first time in 1988 with the publication of ‘A Brief History of Time.’ It was meant to be a simplified version of cosmology for the masses and became an instant bestseller.
Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.” Hawking also received many accolades and awards throughout his life, including the Albert Einstein Award and the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society.
Albert Einstein was married twice: in 1903 to Mileva Maric and in 1919 to Elsa Einstein. It is debated that he could never have become Einstein without his first wife and college sweetheart, Mileva Maric. Hawking married Jane in 1965 but later got divorced. In 1995, he married his nurse Elaine Mason. His life story was also depicted in the award-winning movie “The Theory of Everything.”
Along with his scientific work, Einstein also worked with civil rights activists to condemn racism and anti-Semitism, as he experienced it a lot. And Hawking became a symbol of hope and inspiration for many, especially those with a disability, as he continued to work and break barriers even with a severely limiting disorder.
These two great minds challenged and changed the way we think and work. The impact they made in their fields is undeniable. Their names have become synonymous with genius, and the whole world is inspired by their hard work, motivation, and dedication to unraveling the mysteries of the universe.

Also Read: Hawking: The Interstellar Genius

Cognitive Blessings, Emotional Burdens: Psychological intricacies of high IQ individuals

Are you curious about your colleagues’ intellectual prowess? Have you ever wondered about the IQ levels they possess? Such musings often surface in corporate settings, academia, or during the hunt for top-tier talent. What fuels the fascination with high IQ individuals, what sets them apart, and do they encounter hidden hurdles amidst their exceptional intellect? These are the questions we’ll uncover as we delve into the minds of the exceptionally gifted.

The minds of individuals like Stephan Hawking, Garry Kasparov, and James Maxwell have profoundly impacted the world, transforming scientific society with their exceptionally brilliant minds. Despite their recognition and significant contributions to society, were their lives purely blissful, or is there a darker side to their stories as well?

Unlocking the Extraordinary Traits of High IQ Minds

The Intelligence Quotient, or IQ, is often revered as the ultimate measure of cognitive prowess. Those with high IQs are commonly perceived as poised for success, as they are presumed to navigate life’s challenges effortlessly and possess a profound understanding of everything they encounter. The belief is that individuals with high IQ possess a distinct set of abilities, and they can outperform those with average IQ levels, such as:

  • Individuals with high IQs often exhibit more incredible innovation and creativity.
  • High-IQ individuals tend to be less prone to boredom compared to their counterparts.
  • High-IQ individuals are typically regarded as more productive and efficient in general and within the workspace.
  • People with high IQs typically demonstrate exceptional focus on the tasks at hand.
  • Individuals with high IQs are thought to be more eager to learn new things.
  • Individuals with high IQs are often regarded as more loyal and trustworthy.

Individuals with high IQs are often celebrated as brilliant minds characterized by innovation and creativity. Stephen Hawking stands out as a prime example of such an intellectually gifted individual, having revolutionized the scientific community with groundbreaking theories. His contributions to understanding the origins and structure of the universe, including the concepts of the Big Bang and black holes, have left an indelible mark on the field. Moreover, his bestselling books have captivated readers worldwide.

IQ of Stephen Hawking
Dr. Stephen Hawking

Despite his extraordinary intellect, Hawking remained remarkably humble. When questioned about his IQ score by a New York Times reporter, he famously responded, “I have no idea; people who boast about their IQ are losers,” as reported by The Atlantic.

The Shadow of the Brilliant Mind

Just as Ernest Hemingway said, “Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know”, a brilliant mind may not necessarily correspond to an equally brilliant and well-organized life. Possessing a sharp intellect often entails various costs, including emotional, social, or mental exhaustion, as well as overwork. Studies indicate that individuals with high IQs or brilliant minds are more susceptible to what’s termed “high intelligence disorders”, encompassing conditions such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders.

In a comprehensive study by Ruth Karpinski (Pitzer College), 3700 participants from Mensa, an organization requiring an IQ in the top 2 percent, were surveyed. The research covered multiple aspects, including mental health. The findings of the study revealed a notably high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among Mensa members.

These findings hold significance because if a similar study were conducted within the general population, approximately 10 percent of individuals would experience anxiety disorders, and another 10 percent would experience mood disorders. However, these numbers are elevated among Mensa members. While high IQ individuals may possess advantages over others, they also experience various personal challenges, some of which we’ll explore below:

Loneliness: Breaking the Silence

High-IQ individuals often tend to critique others relentlessly, fixating on correcting errors without considering the social consequences. Seltzer noted, “Brilliant people have difficulty resisting the urge to correct others’ mistakes.” This habit can strain relationships, as constant criticism alienates others and impedes meaningful connections.

Some exceptionally intelligent individuals may choose to withdraw from social interactions altogether, either due to fear of rejection or impatience with those they perceive as less intellectually inclined. Despite this, many still yearn for the enriching benefits of companionship, such as profound discussions and emotional intimacy. However, their expectations are often unmet, leading them to prefer solitude over disappointing interactions.

Defying Discouragement: Embracing Learning Challenges

During childhood, individuals with high IQs often breeze through school, achieving success with minimal effort in studying and paying attention. While this may appear advantageous, it carries significant repercussions.

In their formative years, these individuals miss out on developing crucial traits such as grit and perseverance, essential for navigating challenges later in life. Having rarely faced adversity, they assume that learning will always come effortlessly and that they will never encounter situations requiring substantial effort. However, they struggle to muster the necessary determination when confronted with adult challenges.

Tough Skin: Navigating Sensitivity to Critique

Individuals with high IQs often exhibit heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Their elevated intellect leads them to process sensory information more deeply than their peers of average intelligence, rendering criticism particularly piercing and potentially causing lasting effects. This sensitivity can be exacerbated when an individual’s sense of self is closely tied to their intellectual prowess. Seeking validation through demonstrating their skills, they interpret the rejection of their abilities as a rejection of their very being.

Compounding this, individuals with high IQs frequently feel misunderstood, as most people lack their level of perceptiveness. Consequently, they are reluctant to accept criticism from those intellectually inferior. This scenario is akin to an accomplished artist receiving critiques from someone with rudimentary drawing skills – the artist would understandably hesitate to value feedback from someone lacking expertise or understanding in the field.

While many intellectually gifted individuals possess “intellectual humility,” the willingness to acknowledge their limitations, applying this trait becomes challenging when they perceive themselves as intellectually superior in each situation.

Decision Dilemmas: Conquering Choice Challenges

Contrary to popular belief, individuals with high IQs do not necessarily excel as decision-makers or information-gatherers. Research indicates that they are prone to similar errors as those with average intelligence and may even be more inclined to overlook their personal biases.

Individuals with higher IQ tend to engage in excessive analysis when making decisions, striving for the optimal solution to their problems.
Individuals with higher IQs tend to engage in excessive analysis when making decisions, striving for the optimal solution to their problems.

In an article for BBC Future, psychological science writer David Robson highlighted that knowledgeable individuals often exhibit a “bias blind spot.” Despite their capability to criticize others’ flaws, they struggle to recognize their own shortcomings.

Moreover, individuals with higher IQs tend to engage in excessive analysis when making decisions, striving for the optimal solution to their problems. However, real-life situations rarely offer perfect choices devoid of drawbacks. This propensity to overthink, coupled with possible anxiety, can lead to analysis paralysis.

Unlocking Emotional Intelligence: Rising Above the Norm

Due to their inclination towards cognitive tasks, individuals with high IQs often overlook the emotional facets of relationships, work, and overall life.

This tendency isn’t entirely their fault, as society has long prioritized intellect over emotional considerations, primarily within professional contexts. The historical emphasis on pure intelligence as the sole path to success has hindered the acknowledgment and development of emotional intelligence. However, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of emotional intelligence in recent years, albeit still lagging behind mental intelligence in terms of societal recognition.

Emotional intelligence is crucial in personal relationships and isn’t solely relevant in professional settings. Those lacking in emotional intelligence often struggle socially, displaying a lack of empathy and sensitivity, contributing to the social isolation experienced by many high-IQ individuals.

Communication Conundrums: Breaking Barriers

Individuals with high IQs often approach questions and problems with unconventional perspectives, leading to intricate and complex thought processes that can be challenging for those of average intellect to grasp. Consequently, others may struggle to comprehend and accept the outcomes of their profound contemplation.

Moreover, many individuals with exceptionally high IQs struggle to communicate their ideas to others effectively. They may find it challenging to simplify their thoughts and reasoning to a level accessible to the majority or lack the social skills necessary to engage listeners effectively.

According to Psychology Today, individuals with high IQs may become impatient when attempting to convey their rapid thought processes to individuals who require more time to comprehend new concepts. This breakdown in communication, or the compromise of the integrity of their ideas, hinders their ability to align others with their perspectives.

The intricate interplay between intelligence and emotions highlights the unique psychological challenges individuals with high IQs face. Their heightened sensitivity, intense emotions, and rapid thought processes create a complex inner landscape, often leading to isolation and turmoil.

As parents, educators, and psychologists, we must provide these individuals with tailored strategies to navigate their inner world effectively. By equipping them with tools to achieve equilibrium and inner peace, we empower them to realize their full potential and find genuine happiness amidst the complexities of their intellect and emotions.

References

Also Read: Is Limited Light Exposure Causing Sadness and Depression in the Modern World?

Exploring Neuroscience in Zero Gravity

Ever wondered what happens to the human brain as the astronauts go into outer space? Humans came to know about this in the early 60s.

On August 6, 1961, Gherman Titov embarked on the Soviet Union’s second human-crewed space flight aboard the Vostok-2 spacecraft, marking a significant chapter in space exploration.

Everything seemed on course until Titov unexpectedly experienced nausea and became the first astronaut to vomit in space, revealing the challenges of adapting to the extraterrestrial environment. His deteriorating condition was termed Space Adaptation Syndrome.

In an attempt to recover, Titov slept for eight hours during the mission, hoping for improvement. However, his condition persisted. Remarkably, after completing 12 orbits, Titov miraculously adapted to the space conditions, shedding light on the human body’s resilience. Despite the initial struggles, he emerged from the agony feeling perfectly fine.

Soviet scientists attributed Titov’s condition to a disturbance in his vestibular system. His experience encouraged the Soviets to delve deeper into the effects of space travel on the human body, which became one of the primary objectives of subsequent missions, Vostok 3 and 4. The focus was on a comprehensive study of space neurology—an essential step in unraveling the mysteries of human adaptation to the cosmos. 

This event marks a crucial turning point in the history of space exploration, highlighting the obstacles and achievements faced in the pursuit of mastering the final frontier. 

Gherman Titov. Courtesy: collectSPACE
Gherman Titov. Courtesy: collectSPACE

Space neuroscience has emerged as a crucial area of research, aiming to explore the complex interplay between the human brain and space or the extraterrestrial environment. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, including the impact of microgravity, altered spatial orientation, and other stressors encountered during space travel. 

In this article, we will dive into space neuroscience, its significance, when and why it was started, and some current experiments and research in Space or the International Space Station (ISS).

Figure 2 ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this image circling Earth on the International Space Station during his six-month Blue Dot mission while doing a spacewalk. ESA
ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this image circling Earth on the International Space Station during his six-month Blue Dot mission while doing a spacewalk. ESA

What is Space Neuroscience?

Space neuroscience studies how the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight. Our senses provide essential information about our surroundings, which helps us orient ourselves. Understanding the potential neurological implications of space travel is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of astronauts. 

Space neuroscience is a vital field that helps us understand how the human body functions in space. By studying this field, we can develop strategies to help astronauts adapt to the unique challenges of space travel and ensure their health and safety.

Significance of Gravity

Our senses provide vital information about our surroundings, which helps us orient ourselves. Gravity is crucial to control body functions such as posture, locomotion, and eye movement. In the absence of gravity, our sense of spatial orientation can be disrupted, leading to errors in perception. This can significantly impact our ability to navigate and perform tasks in space. 

For example, astronauts may experience difficulty maintaining their posture or coordinating their movements with balance. They may also experience problems with eye movement, which can affect their vision. The vestibular system plays a crucial role in creating a sense of balance and spatial orientation. In microgravity conditions, the vestibular system can become disturbed, leading to problems with balance and coordination. 

Prolonged space travel brings about micro and macrostructural changes in the distribution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions and protects the brain in case of sudden shocks or concussions. Alterations in CSF distribution can lead to increased pressure on the brain, resulting in symptoms like headaches, nausea, and vision problems.

Another stressor in space travel is increased exposure to cosmic radiation, which can cause damage to the central nervous system, cognitive function, and even death. Hypercapnia, an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, can occur in space, leading to headaches, fatigue, and reduced cognitive function.

Furthermore, space travel can cause changes in cognitive performance and behavior. These changes can be evident as decreased attention span, memory issues, and impaired decision-making abilities. These effects are likely due to the micro and macrostructural changes in grey matter that occur during space travel. 

Neurological Research in Space

The NASA Neuroscience program delves into the impact of spaceflight on the human brain, focusing on how living in altered gravity environments affects astronauts’ sensory and motor functions. Astronauts may experience nausea and disorientation initially, adapting over time to move more efficiently. 

The Neuroscience team investigates these effects to mitigate risks to astronaut performance, conducting field tests near landing sites and utilizing advanced technologies like MRI to measure brain changes. Understanding these adaptive changes is crucial for developing sensorimotor countermeasures to enhance crew safety and mission success.

3DI neuronal cells cultured in microgravity for Neuronix, which tests a gene therapy for neurological diseases. MEDIA CREDIT: Image courtesy of Axonis Therapeutics, Inc.
3DI neuronal cells cultured in microgravity for Neuronix, which tests a gene therapy for neurological diseases. MEDIA CREDIT: Image courtesy of Axonis Therapeutics, Inc.

Neuronix

Funded by the ISS National Lab, Neuronix is a study that employs 3D neuron cultures in microgravity to explore gene therapy’s potential for treating paralysis and neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s. 

In July 2023, scientists from Axonis Therapeutics and ISS National Lab initiated an experiment aiming to utilize gene therapy in microgravity to address disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The research involves transforming induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) into various brain cell types, including neurons. iPSCs are stem cells derived from the skin or blood of a person and can be reprogrammed to convert into any cell. 

These cell cultures will be sent to the ISS, which will assemble into 3D spheroids, creating a model brain for further testing. Because these models are crafted from the patient’s stem cells, they hold promise for personalized treatments tailored to that specific patient.

Amyloid Fibrils

In Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides – a chain of 42 amino acids- undergo abnormal processing, forming tiny, sticky protein fragments that tend to clump together, forming larger structures known as amyloid plaques. Over time, these plaques accumulate in the spaces between nerve cells in the brain. 

The beta-amyloid peptides can further assemble into long, thread-like structures known as amyloid fibrils, which are considered key players in causing Alzheimer’s disease. The accumulation of amyloid fibrils and plaques is associated with toxicity to nerve cells. This can disrupt communication between nerve cells and contribute to the degeneration of brain tissue, leading to the cognitive decline characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.

Recent research revealed that amyloid fibril formation is suppressed in microgravity conditions. The implications of this finding extend to the potential impact of space travel on neurodegenerative diseases. It suggests that the altered gravitational environment in space might influence the aggregation of beta-amyloid peptides, offering a unique perspective on the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Neural networks shown in MRI scan. Courtesy: ESA
Neural networks shown in MRI scan. Courtesy: ESA

Brain-DTI

ESA’s Brain-DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) experiment employs advanced MRI brain scans to investigate the impact of spaceflight on the brain. This study collects brain MRI scans from astronauts of the European Space Agency (ESA) and cosmonauts from the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos). The primary goal is to understand how astronauts’ brains adapt to spaceflight and how the brain’s structure changes after space missions.

The Brain-DTI study has been awarded the Compelling Results award. It has already revealed some areas of the brain that adapt to new experiences based on conflicting signals from the body. 

While the research is ongoing, it has begun shedding light on the brain’s plasticity — its ability to rewire in response to new stimuli. These findings may have implications for rehabilitation strategies for brain diseases and injuries on Earth. 

The Brain-DTI experiment is integrated into a group of psychological and physiological measurements taken for the Standard Measures investigation and others. These studies collectively explore how the body, including the brain, undergoes changes during missions of varying durations.

Brain Aging in Space

Published in 2022, the research paper titled “Monitoring the Impact of Spaceflight on the Human Brain” delves into the effects of spaceflight on the brain and its aging process. The study, conducted by researchers from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), aims to understand how microgravity, radiation, and other space-related factors influence the brain’s aging process at a molecular level.

The study found that long-term exposure to radiation and microgravity can lead to changes in the brain’s structure and functions. These changes are more pronounced than shorter missions and aging, particularly affecting fluid shifts and brain regions associated with sensorimotor functions. The findings could benefit future astronauts and contribute to strategies for safeguarding the human brain against cognitive decline.

CIPHER Studies

The CIPHER (Complement of Integrated Protocols for Human Exploration Research) studies conducted by NASA involve 14 multi-disciplinary investigations that carefully examine how spaceflight impacts various aspects of the human body. These studies focus on understanding the effects of spaceflight on bone and joint health, brain and behavior, cardiovascular fitness, vision changes, and other physiological and psychological parameters.

CIPHER is researching to understand how our bodies adapt and change over different timeframes in space. The study analyzes three to six weeks of short-duration, standard six-month, and longer missions extending up to a year. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of how the body adjusts and transforms over prolonged periods in space. CIPHER examines astronauts after their return to Earth through immediate post-mission testing. This provides insights into how the body adjusts to Earth’s gravity after being in space.

Briefly, CIPHER is a meticulous scientific exploration that aims to comprehensively understand the physiological dynamics of humans during space travel and their subsequent return to Earth’s environment.

In short, space neuroscience has become an essential tool in our quest to conquer the final frontier. It helps us understand how the human brain copes with the challenges of space travel. Groundbreaking research in this field includes studies of Gherman Titov’s pioneering journey and modern experiments like Brain-DTI and Neuronix. This research unravels the complexities of neurological changes induced by space travel. The knowledge we gain from space neuroscience improves the safety and success of future space missions. It also has the potential to revolutionize healthcare on Earth by providing insights into neurological disorders and advancing our understanding of human adaptability.

References:

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Navigating Bipolar Battles, Schizophrenia Struggles, and Déjà Vu Realities in Pakistan

In the current era, the younger generation is grappling with mental health issues at an unprecedented rate, in stark contrast to the past. The taboo surrounding discussions on mental health and therapy has begun to lift, shedding light on the pervasive impact of nervous disorders. This article explores the evolving landscape of mental health, focusing on two prevalent conditions: bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a complex mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that encompass episodes of mania and depression. Individuals with bipolar disorder undergo phases marked by intense emotions, shifts in sleep patterns, and alterations in daily activity levels[1]. 

They may partake in behaviors inconsistent with their typical actions, often unaware of their conduct’s potential harm or undesirability. These identifiable periods are called mood episodes, which bluntly contrast with a person’s normal behavior. Throughout these episodes, symptoms persist daily for a substantial portion of the day and can extend over extended periods spanning several days or weeks.

Bipolar episodes are like chapters in a book of emotions, where intensity redefines the narrative, and individuals navigate through the unpredictable terrain of their own minds.

Root causes of bipolar disorders

The origins of bipolar disorder are complex and involve a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition is a significant contributor, with individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder being at a higher risk. Studies suggest that abnormalities in brain structure and function, neurotransmitter imbalances, and hormonal factors contribute to the development of this disorder. In addition, stressful life events, trauma, or major life changes can trigger the onset of bipolar episodes in susceptible individuals[2]. 

Bipolar disorder can affect individuals of various age groups but most commonly occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. The typical age of onset is between 15 and 30 years, with cases being diagnosed during this period. In younger individuals, symptoms may present differently, making the diagnosis challenging. 

Childhood-onset bipolar disorder, characterized by severe mood swings, can be particularly challenging to identify and is often misdiagnosed as other conditions[3]. In contrast, bipolar disorder in older adults may be complicated by coexisting medical conditions and medication interactions.

Bipolar disorder
The origins of bipolar disorder are complex and involve a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors.

Complex Interaction of the Factor

Although bipolar disorder does not spread like infectious diseases, there is a clear familial pattern, indicating a genetic predisposition. If a close family member has bipolar disorder, an individual may have a higher likelihood of developing the condition. Environmental factors also play a crucial role, with exposure to stressful events, substance abuse, or disruptions in circadian rhythms contributing to the expression of bipolar symptoms in genetically susceptible individuals.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a prevalent, long-term mental health condition characterized by disruptions in cognition, emotions, and behavior. The common manifestations of this condition include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning. Although the precise etiology remains unclear, a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological variables is believed to contribute to its development.

Schizophrenia, a chronic and severe mental health disorder, affects approximately 21 million people worldwide and presents a significant challenge in Pakistan, where an estimated 1-2% of the population grapples with this condition[4]. This complex brain disorder is characterized by a range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, cognitive impairments, and a notable lack of motivation. These symptoms can profoundly impact individuals’ thinking, behavior, and overall functioning. 

The prevalence of schizophrenia in Pakistan remains uncertain, which hinders effective strategies to combat this illness[5]. In addition to the lack of precise data, this challenge is exacerbated by prevailing misconceptions and inadequate awareness, particularly in rural areas characterized by low literacy rates. In these regions, there is a tendency to associate schizophrenia with spiritual possession, leading affected individuals to seek guidance from faith-based healers rather than from medical professionals[6].

This misguided approach not only perpetuates harmful practices, such as physical abuse, under the belief that it targets evil spirits but also contributes to the silent suffering of individuals with first-episode psychosis, as they often go without proper evaluation and treatment. While non-governmental organizations such as the Fountain House Network are working towards providing essential services, comprehensive government intervention is necessary.

Addressing schizophrenia in Pakistan requires a multipronged approach encompassing awareness campaigns, improved healthcare accessibility, and destigmatization efforts[7]. This not only involves accurate diagnosis, care, and treatment but also focuses on social inclusion and understanding to enhance the overall well-being of those affected by schizophrenia in the country.

Deja Vu: A Neurological and Psychological Perspective

Déjà vu (DV) is a psychological phenomenon characterized by a temporary and erroneous perception of new circumstances, objects, or people as already known. This phenomenon, coined by French psychologist Emile Boirac, is part of derealization disorders. DV is widely experienced in the general population, with estimates suggesting that up to 97% of individuals may experience it spontaneously or in association with sleep disorders and anxiety [8]. 

Two types of déjà vu are recognized: “pathological-epileptic” déjà vu in epilepsy patients resembling a seizure, and “nonpathological-nonepileptic” déjà vu, a normal psychological occurrence in healthy individuals. The occurrence of DV is noteworthy in both healthy individuals and those with psychoneurological conditions, such as Charles Bonnet syndrome, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), depression, or schizophrenia. Furthermore, they can indicate early brain lesions[9]. 

Cultural Beliefs and Alternative Treatment

Cultural beliefs significantly shape the interpretation of the symptoms of nervous disorders in Pakistan. Some communities attribute these conditions to supernatural forces, leading individuals to seek alternative treatments such as religious rituals or traditional healing practices. Bridging the gap between cultural perspectives and evidence-based mental healthcare is paramount for effective treatment and stigma reduction[10].

In Pakistan, the influence of traditions on the seeking of mental health treatment is profound. Cultural beliefs often dictate how nervous disorders are perceived, shaping the path individuals choose when confronted with mental health challenges. Unfortunately, these cultural nuances can also contribute to the development of taboos surrounding mental health. 

In some regions, especially in South Asia, the “Peer Baba” concept is often associated with individuals believed to possess spiritual or supernatural powers. In certain communities, there is a tendency to consult Peer Babas for mental health issues, including schizophrenia[11]. However, relying solely on spiritual or faith-based approaches without professional medical intervention can be harmful. 

Similarly, the stigma associated with nervous disorders is deeply ingrained, often stemming from misconceptions and historical beliefs. Mental health challenges may be perceived as a reflection of personal weakness or, as mentioned earlier, attributed to supernatural forces. The interplay between cultural beliefs and the associated stigma can create a double-edged sword. 

On one hand, seeking alternative treatments, like religious rituals or traditional healing practices, might be perceived as more culturally acceptable. On the other hand, the fear of judgment or societal ostracization might prevent individuals from accessing evidence-based mental healthcare[12].

This cultural impact on treatment-seeking behavior further intensifies the existing taboo around mental health in Pakistan. It contributes to a climate where individuals, especially those suffering from nervous disorders, may opt for secrecy, fearing societal judgment. This, in turn, hampers the early diagnosis and intervention crucial for effective mental health management. 

bipolar disorder and social media
The extent to which social media affects mental health is considerable and encompasses various dimensions of our well-being.

Breaking cultural barriers and challenging the associated taboos is a complicated process that involves not only sensitizing communities about mental health but also creating an environment where seeking professional help is viewed as a courageous and culturally acceptable act. 

Impact of social media on mental health perception

The rise in social media in Pakistan has both positive and negative implications for mental health. While online platforms can foster awareness and support, they may contribute to misinformation and amplify societal pressure.[13]

The extent to which social media affects mental health is considerable and encompasses various dimensions of our well-being. On the positive side, these platforms create a space for social connection, community support, and the dissemination of mental health awareness. However, the negative impact is significant as well, influencing self-esteem, fostering feelings of inadequacy, and contributing to issues like jealousy and the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). The Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is a psychological phenomenon exacerbated by social media[14]. 

The continuous stream of exciting and fulfilling experiences shared by others can make individuals feel like they are missing the joys of life. This fear can lead to dissatisfaction with one’s life, impacting overall mental well-being.[14]The comparison complex can also intensify feelings of inadequacy, as users may feel they don’t measure up to their online peers’ perceived successes and happiness. 

Moreover, the relentless pursuit of an idealized life portrayed on social media can contribute to jealousy, creating an emotional landscape where individuals may feel envious of other achievements, possessions, or experiences. Recognizing the impact of social media on mental health perceptions is crucial to addressing the unique challenges posed by nervous disorders in the modern age.[15]

Diagnosis and Treatment 

The diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders involve a detailed and multifaceted approach according to individual well-being. Mental health professionals employ a comprehensive assessment process involving clinical interviews, observations, and standardized assessments to gain a deep understanding of the psychological state of an individual. 

This examination comprehends various truths of their life, including thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and potential contributing factors. With an accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment plans are made to address specific needs. These plans often incorporate a mix of treatments, including medications such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or antipsychotics to alleviate symptoms associated with the diagnosed disorder. 

An integral aspect of treatment is psychotherapy, offering a supportive and confidential space for individuals to delve into their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This therapeutic approach aids in gaining insight into mental health challenges, developing coping mechanisms, and fostering positive behavioral changes. Beyond medical and therapeutic strategies, lifestyle adjustments are vital in holistic mental health [16]. 

Importantly, support is fundamental for sustained mental health management. This support network includes healthcare providers, families, and community resources, ensuring individuals receive consistent care, understanding, and access to resources that enhance overall mental health and quality of life. 

Cultural Stigma and Societal Challenges

Mental health stigma is deeply rooted in Pakistani society, creating significant barriers to acknowledging and addressing neurological disorders. Misconceptions and societal attitudes foster a reluctance to openly discuss mental health issues, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Socioeconomic factors, including economic disparities and limited accessibility to mental health services, exacerbate these challenges[17].

In Pakistan, talking about mental health is not an easy conversation. It is like navigating through a maze of cultural stigmas and societal challenges. People facing these issues are hesitant to seek support because of the prevailing belief that admitting mental health struggles is a sign of weakness[18]. This societal stigma often forces individuals into silence, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. 

The hushed whispers around mental health not only foster widespread misunderstandings but also extend the suffering of those desperately in need. The impact is further intensified by economic disparities, where access to mental health services becomes a privilege rather than a basic right. To break this cycle, envision community initiatives dismissing myths and providing accurate information.

Organizing workshops fosters empathy and understanding, creating a society where neurological disorders are met with compassion rather than judgment. Advocacy for increased mental health resources becomes a collective effort, ensuring that everyone can readily access the support they require regardless of their economic background.

References

  • Carvalho, A.F., J. Firth, and E. Vieta, Bipolar Disorder. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(1): p. 58-66.
  • Arnold, I., et al., Old Age Bipolar Disorder-Epidemiology, Aetiology and Treatment. Medicine (Kaunas), 2021. 57(6).
  • Carlson, G.A., Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. World Psychiatry, 2012. 11(3): p. 146-52.
  • Habiba, U., et al., Differential Treatment Responses in Pakistani Schizophrenia Samples: Correlation with Sociodemographic Parameters, Drug Addiction, Attitude to the Treatment and Antipsychotic Agents. Brain Sci, 2023. 13(3).
  • Nawaz, R., et al., Overview of schizophrenia research and treatment in Pakistan. Heliyon, 2020. 6(11): p. e05545.
  • Hasan, S. and M. Adil, Schizophrenia: a neglected problem in Pakistan. The Lancet, 2019. 394(10193): p. 115-116.
  • Ansari, I.J.I.J.E.M.H., Mental health Pakistan: optimizing brains. 2015. 17: p. 288.
  • Chervyakov, A.V., et al., EEG characteristics of déjà vu phenomenon. 2013. 21(1): p. 27-35.
  • Aitken, C.B. and A.R. O’Connor, Converging on understanding the déjà vu experience, in Memory Quirks. 2020, Routledge. p. 288-305.
  • Ahmad, S.S., and S.W. Koncsol, Cultural Factors Influencing Mental Health Stigma: Perceptions of Mental Illness (POMI) in Pakistani Emerging Adults. 2022. 13(5): p. 401.
  • Duckworth, K. and L. Halpern, Peer support and peer-led family support for persons living with schizophrenia. 2014. 27(3): p. 216-221.
  • Lippi, G., Schizophrenia is a member of the family: Burden, expressed emotion and addressing the needs of the whole family. S Afr J Psychiatr, 2016. 22(1): p. 922.
  • Pantic, I., Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 2014. 17(10): p. 652-7.
  • Gupta, M. and A. Sharma, Fear of missing out: A brief overview of the origin, theoretical underpinnings and relationship with mental health. World J Clin Cases, 2021. 9(19): p. 4881-4889.
  • Fauzia, J., et al., Social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: The role of narcissism, comparison and disclosure. Journal of Business Research, 2023. 159: p. 113693.
  • Podolan, M. and O.C.G. Gelo, The Functions of Safety in Psychotherapy: An Integrative Theoretical Perspective Across Therapeutic Schools. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 2023. 20(3): p. 193-204.
  • Husain, M.O., et al., Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan. BJPsych Open, 2020. 6(5): p. e81.
  • Waqas, A., et al., Public stigma associated with mental illnesses in Pakistani university students: a cross-sectional survey. PeerJ, 2014. 2: p. e698.

“THIS ARTICLE IS DEDICATED TO MY KINDEST TEACHER, DR HAROON SHEIKH, MAY HE REST IN PEACE, WHO WORKED DEVOTEDLY IN GENETICS INVOLVED IN NEURO-DISORDERS AND PSYCHIATRY”

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Unlocking the Mind: A Cinematic Journey through Neurosciences

In the realm where science and storytelling collide, a captivating genre has emerged, exploring the intricate labyrinth of the human brain. Neurocinema, as it is aptly called, delves into the mysteries of neurosciences, unraveling the complexities of the mind while weaving compelling narratives that captivate and challenge your understanding of the human experience. Here are the top five movies that take you on an exhilarating journey through the corridors of neurosciences.

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004):

As the process unfolds, viewers are taken on a non-linear rollercoaster ride through Joel's memories.
As the process unfolds, viewers are taken on a non-linear rollercoaster ride through Joel’s memories.

Michel Gondry’s masterpiece, “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,” is a mind-bending exploration of memory, love, and the fragility of the human psyche. Joel Barish, played by Jim Carrey, undergoes a revolutionary procedure to erase memories of a painful breakup with Clementine, portrayed by Kate Winslet. As the process unfolds, viewers are taken on a non-linear rollercoaster ride through Joel’s memories. The film raises profound questions about the role of memory in shaping our identities and the consequences of tampering with the intricate tapestry of our minds.

Link to watch: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0338013/

Inception (2010):

 "Inception" challenges our perceptions of reality and delves into the power of the mind.
“Inception” challenges our perceptions of reality and delves into the power of the mind.

Christopher Nolan’s iconic film “Inception” transcends the boundaries of reality and dreams, offering a gripping narrative interwoven with concepts from neuroscience. Dom Cobb, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, is a skilled extractor who infiltrates the subconscious to steal secrets. The film delves into the nature of dreams, exploring the complexities of the mind’s architecture. With mind-bending visuals and a labyrinthine plot, “Inception” challenges our perceptions of reality and delves into the power of the mind to create entire worlds within the confines of our consciousness.

Link to watch: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1375666/

A Beautiful Mind (2001):

 "A Beautiful Mind" stands as a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of neurological adversity.
“A Beautiful Mind” stands as a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of neurological adversity.

Based on the life of Nobel laureate John Nash, “A Beautiful Mind” navigates the highs and lows of a brilliant mind plagued by schizophrenia. Russell Crowe delivers a captivating performance as Nash, a mathematician whose groundbreaking work is overshadowed by the challenges posed by his mental health. The film provides a poignant exploration of the delicate balance between genius and madness, offering a glimpse into the internal struggles faced by those with mental disorders. “A Beautiful Mind” stands as a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of neurological adversity.

Link to watch: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268978/

Limitless (2011):

"Limitless" sparks a thrilling debate about the untapped potential of the human mind and the ethical dilemmas associated with cognitive enhancement.
“Limitless” sparks a thrilling debate about the untapped potential of the human mind and the ethical dilemmas associated with cognitive enhancement.

Bradley Cooper takes center stage in “Limitless,” a gripping thriller that explores the potential of unlocking the total capacity of the human brain. Eddie Morra, played by Cooper, stumbles upon a mysterious drug that enhances his cognitive abilities to extraordinary levels. As he transforms from a struggling writer into a financial wunderkind, the film raises ethical questions about the consequences of artificially manipulating the brain’s capabilities. “Limitless” sparks a thrilling debate about the untapped potential of the human mind and the ethical dilemmas associated with cognitive enhancement.

Link to Watch: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1219289/

The Mind, Explained (2019):

"The Mind, Explained" offers a unique cinematic experience, seamlessly merging neuroscience with storytelling to enrich our understanding of the mind.
“The Mind, Explained” offers a unique cinematic experience, seamlessly merging neuroscience with storytelling to enrich our understanding of the mind.

A departure from traditional narrative cinema, “The Mind, Explained” is a documentary series that provides a deep dive into the complexities of the human brain. Narrated by Emma Stone, the series employs a blend of scientific expertise and engaging storytelling to unravel the mysteries of memory, dreams, anxiety, and more. Through a series of captivating episodes, viewers gain insights into the inner workings of the brain, delivered in a format that is both educational and riveting. “The Mind, Explained” offers a unique cinematic experience, seamlessly merging neuroscience with storytelling to enrich our understanding of the mind.

In neurocinema, these five films stand as beacons, illuminating the uncharted territories of the human mind. Each offers a unique perspective on the wonders and challenges of neuroscience, inviting audiences to ponder the limitless potential of our cognitive abilities and the ethical dilemmas that arise when tampering with the delicate fabric of our consciousness. I strongly recommend you watch one of these to experience mind-bending realities.

Link to watch: https://www.netflix.com/title/81098586

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Food and Environment: What’s on Your Plate will affect what’s around You

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It seems odd to hear that what we eat impacts our body, health, and environment. Do you understand how the innocent pieces of French fries on your plate or the Coke in your glass could affect the land, air, and water around you? How would you connect these two, the food you consume and the world around you, together?

Let’s take a peep into two households. In family house A, meals are taken very seriously. The parents wish to give their children a balanced diet. Meals are planned ahead of time, and it is made sure all the healthy food groups are included according to their needed proportions; grocery lists are made, organic and low-calorie alternatives are chosen, and the food is served at proper meal times. No junk food is allowed in the house. Food in glass jars or cardboard containers is preferred to plastic packaged ones.

Family house B is a little on the loose side. The parents are somewhat not strict in terms of eating habits and timings. Both are workaholics and unaware of proper meal planning. If dinner isn’t cooked, ordering from a burger or pizza place is okay. It happens at least thrice a week.

Groceries include anything ready-to-cook and flexible they can find in the supermarket, like processed meat, frozen foods, packaged meat and vegetables, canned fruits, biscuits, cookies, bakery items, and other handy junk food items. Cold drinks and boxed juices are always in stock in the house. So are chocolate bars, jars of sugary hazelnut spreads, and mayo spreads for ‘emergencies’. There’s no fixed time to eat; anyone can help themselves to anything when they’re hungry.

I’m pretty sure after reading the scenario of both the houses; you’d be wishing you belonged to family B. Who doesn’t want to kick back and chillax, not bother about what’s to be done or planned, indulge in comfort foods, and satisfy cravings? Who would like to be troubled with dieting, meal planning, and calorie count? You only live once, eat heartily, and enjoy the flavors of life!

french fries on white ceramic plate
Maintaining a balance on your plate is essential for a healthier life.

As much as this sounds tempting to follow, we all know that discipline and self-control are crucial in everything we do in life. Maintaining balance is the key to a happy life; maintaining this balance on your plate is also essential for a healthier life. Let’s look at how the contents of your fridge and container affect the environment.

Analyzing how the two households impact the environment with their eating habits

Family A makes sure that whatever’s on their plate is always healthy. They buy organic and unpacked fresh food. They assist the environment in two ways. Firstly, they do not promote processed food markets. It means they do not support the processing and packaging in the industry to prepare these foods. Secondly, they do not produce any unrecyclable food waste. All their food waste and packaging is breakable and can become part of the natural environment.

On the contrary, family B contributes to the profit of the processed food industry. Commercialization of ready-to-eat masala mixes, meat products, and the like is growing common every day, and it’s because food preferences are tipping in their favor. It shows that these industries need to up-scale their procedures, factories, and industrial units, as well as need a more considerable amount of raw material. 

Such irresponsible practices result in deforestation, crop production, artificial animal breeding and selection, and more land, air, and water pollution from industrial waste. Also, this food waste involves plastic, which is non-biodegradable and a threat to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Air pollution and deforestation eventually build up to severe threats like global warming and climatic changes.

Impact of food choices on the environment

The concept trying to be described above is simple: what you do comes around. If you deplete natural resources like food and fuel because of stupid choices, then the environment will drain and won’t support or protect us in the future.

The food waste involves plastic, which is non-biodegradable and a threat to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
The food waste involves plastic, which is non-biodegradable and a threat to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.

Choosing wholesome, natural, and environment-friendly foods over-processed, packaged, and chemical, plastic-containing food is a smart choice for your mind, body, and environment. The less food processing, the healthier it is for you and this world.

What food choices need to be made by food industries and markets to address global climate changes and environmental depletion?

Many restaurant chains and food industries worldwide are now aware of the problems caused by improper waste disposal and plastic cutlery. They have, therefore, opted for better and more sustainable ways. Sustainability means environment-friendly methods that benefit the planet’s health and resources in the long run. Let’s explore some top examples of food industries and businesses adopting sustainable practices for a healthy plate and the environment.

  • Biodegradable Plastics

These plastics are made from biopolymers of starch and other carbohydrates. They take less energy to manufacture and decompose quickly, releasing no harmful substances into the environment. The first biopolymer was polyhydroxy butyrate, characterized by French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne. The latter scientists made bioplastic from plant sources as well.

  • Composting food scraps

Instead of just stuffing landfills, fruit and vegetable peels and unwanted parts can be used as compost for gardens and precious nutrient-rich sources to grow new plants. Food scraps contain proteins and minerals that can be recycled to grow healthy plants.

  • Sustainable cooking

Saving fuel and energy and increasing the efficiency of cooking are very important. Choosing energy-saving microwaves and appliances and turning the stove and electricity off when not in use are handy tips for saving energy.

  • Food choices

Opting for organic foods, local foods, seasonal foods, growing one’s own food, properly preserving food, and cutting back on fast-food restaurants are all good food choices for your plate as well as the environment. 

  • Saving energy

Using renewable resources for heating, cooling, and cooking saves money and time and the earth’s resources. Using biogas and other renewable energy resources is environmentally friendly. In the long run, they will be beneficial in solving problems like global warming and ozone depletion. 

Another way to minimize energy costs is to use the refrigerator in a minimal amount. When meal planning, quantity management is also crucial. Buy food that you can finish in a week efficiently. Consuming fresh fruits, vegetables, and meat is ideal instead of freezing them for long periods. Some vitamins are also wasted this way, requiring constant cooling to store and keep them fresh.

I also believe that public awareness of these healthy and sustainable practices is half the step. Awareness through social media, seminars, and conferences to teach a healthy eating culture is a huge step toward bridging the gap between our plates and our surroundings.

References:

Also, Read Better Brain Health – We Are What We Eat

Marijuana Users are More Empathetic than Nonusers

According to the American Society of Addictive Medicine (ASAM), Addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences. People with Addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences1.

There has been a customary school of thought that Addiction is somehow related to drugs only, but it’s not a matter of fact. Addiction can be of any type, from drugs to behaviors; there can be an addiction to drugs like pain pills, nicotine, and caffeine and behaviors like gambling, lying, manipulation, and criminality.  

As you may have observed, dopamine release and the reward system/pathway rush to mind when you hear the word addiction. As reported by Oxford Academia, brain imaging studies reveal that the release of dopamine from most addictive drugs is far higher than that of rewards that are more crucial for survival2.

The reward system, one of the fundamental components of the brain, evolved to encourage survival-related actions like feeding. Eating triggers the reward pathways to produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter that gives us a surge of satisfaction. This encourages you to eat again in the future. When engaging in everyday activities, the brain emits dopamine. However, when using drugs like cocaine or heroin or engaging in compulsive behaviors like eating, shopping, or gambling, the brain is forced to release ten times as much dopamine as it would naturally, which prevents the brain from reabsorbing the dopamine and prolongs the pleasurable experience unnaturally.

The chemistry of the brain is altered in many cases of severe or chronic drug abuse to an extent where dopamine levels fall during routine activities such as sex, favorite meal etc.
The chemistry of the brain is altered in many cases of severe or chronic drug abuse to an extent where dopamine levels fall during routine activities such as sex, favorite meal etc. Photo

The chemistry of the brain is altered in many cases of severe or chronic drug abuse to an extent where dopamine levels fall during routine activities such as sex, favorite meal etc. The brain is being reset to correlate sensations of pleasure and reward with the expectation of extra pleasure and reward with the burst of euphoria that comes from drugs or obsessive activity in the setting of associative learning3.

Marijuana improves users’ Empathy 

Recent research reveals that Marijuana increases empathy, which is the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings. Regular cannabis users “have a greater understanding of the emotions of others,” according to a study published in the Journal of Neuroscience Research. The study’s authors claim that these results “highlight positive effects of cannabis on interpersonal relationships and potential therapeutic applications.”

A team of neurobiologists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico observed 51 individuals who did not use marijuana and 85 individuals who did. Using the participants’ MRI pictures and the cognitive and affective empathy tests, the users were divided into 22 female and 63 male categories. The educational attainment of each group’s members was comparable. None of the study participants used psychopharmaceuticals or medicines with mental effects, cocaine, opioids, or other drugs that cause depression.  

Subjects’ MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) revealed that marijuana users had greater connections around the brain responsible for feeling emotions in the body compared to non-users. 

During the study’s questionnaire phase, those who used marijuana had noticeably higher proficiency in one of the four domains known as emotional comprehension. These abilities enable one to comprehend the feelings and motivations of other people. There was no difference in the abilities of users and non-users in the other three domains of empathy skills. Those three domains comprise:

The ability to share or tune into another person’s bad emotions is known as empathy for stress. Joyful empathy enables one to partake in the happiness and accomplishments of others. Taking a perspective or comprehending the viewpoints of others.
“The analysis of the subject’s empathic ability, assessing both cognitive and affective empathy,” the authors said of the written testing. The ability to empathize is broken down into distinct domains, or “subscales,” such as “the ability to put oneself in another person’s shoes,” “the recognition of emotions and impressions in others,” and “the ability to feel or be in tune with others’ positive and negative emotions.”

The ACC mediates high-level cognitive processes like problem-solving and decision-making and psychological processes like social interaction, emotion, and empathetic reactions. 
The ACC mediates high-level cognitive processes like problem-solving and decision-making and psychological processes like social interaction, emotion, and empathetic reactions. Photo

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a region of the brain that “is prone to the effects of cannabis consumption and is also greatly involved in empathy, which is a multi-component process that can be influenced in different ways,” according to the team of neuroscientists who were trying to explain the findings. The ACC mediates high-level cognitive processes like problem-solving and decision-making and psychological processes like social interaction, emotion, and empathetic reactions. 

According to the study, “we believe that the differences shown by regular cannabis users in the emotional comprehension scores and their brain functional connectivity could be related to the use of cannabis.” This is given that the ACC is one of the main areas that possess CB1 [cannabinoid] receptors and is heavily involved in the representation of the emotional well-being of others.

 The binding process between cannabinoid CB1 brain receptors and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, has been connected to cannabis dependency. As was previously mentioned, humans have CB1 receptors on their ACCs, which are where THC binds. With a high concentration of CB1 receptors, ACC is vulnerable to regular cannabis use, plays a significant role in empathy, and takes into account the favorable effects of cannabis on mood and the positive effects that have been recorded4.

References  

  1. American Society of Addictive Medicine  https://www.asam.org/quality-care/definition-of-addiction
  2. Oxford Academic https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199557233.003.0003 
  3. Yale Medicine https://ym.care/5y4
  4. Journal of Neuroscience Research  https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25252
  5. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms19030833
  6. National Institute Of Health (NIH) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9119984/
  7. Science Reports (Nature.com) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12202-8
  8. Research Gate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375512088_Empathy-related_differences_in_the_anterior_cingulate_functional_connectivity_of_regular_cannabis_users_when_compared_to_controls

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