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Pakistan: Extreme Heat Waves Can Toll Mental Health

Sadaf Sarfraz
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Pakistan: Extreme Heat Waves Can Toll Mental Health

A temperature rise brings physical and mental risks. In Pakistan, the effects of heat waves on mental health are an emerging crisis.

While much attention is given to the physical dangers of heat waves, the impact on mental health is often overlooked. Emerging studies are increasingly highlighting the severe mental health risks posed by rising temperatures. A recent analysis published in Nature Climate Change reveals that heatwaves and temperature spikes are not only linked to increased hospital admissions for mental health disorders but are also associated with higher rates of substance abuse and aggressive behavior [1].

The study indicates that for every 1°C rise in temperature, there is a significant uptick in the prevalence of mood disorders and anxiety-related conditions [2]. This growing body of evidence underscores the pressing need to consider mental health as a critical aspect of climate change adaptation strategies as the psychological toll of extreme heat becomes more evident. In the sweltering heat, not just our bodies suffer—our minds are also at risk.” Heat waves can exacerbate existing mental health conditions and even trigger new ones.

Increased Anxiety and Stress

During heat waves, many people experience heightened levels of anxiety and stress. Dr. Asim Shah, a professor and executive vice chair of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Baylor College of Medicine, highlighted that prolonged sun and heat can alter serotonin levels—a neurotransmitter crucial for regulating mood, behavior, and sleep [3].

These changes in serotonin can result in mood swings, including increased feelings of anger, frustration, and irritability, as shown in previous studies. When the heat is relentless, so is the stress. The discomfort and disruption caused by extreme temperatures can lead to irritability, restlessness, and a sense of helplessness. “The suffocating heat can make life overwhelming, turning small problems into big ones.”

Aggravation of Mental Health Disorders

The Climate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH) model suggests that higher temperatures can undermine self-control and future planning, heightening aggression and increasing the likelihood of violent behavior [4]. Economic factors also play a significant role in this dynamic. Climate change drives more frequent extreme weather events like heatwaves, droughts, and floods, and these disasters can lead to food shortages and economic setbacks, hitting vulnerable communities the hardest.

The resulting rise in income inequality and poverty can foster feelings of resentment and dissatisfaction, potentially fueling aggressive and violent behavior.  For those already living with mental health disorders, heat waves can be particularly challenging. “The heat can push those on the edge, over it.” Conditions like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder can worsen in extreme heat, leading to more severe symptoms.

“When your mind is fragile, the heat can be the final straw.” Heat can lower our tolerance for frustration, leading to more frequent and intense arguments and, in some cases, violent behavior [5]. “In the heat of the moment, the heat itself can be the trigger.”

 

heat wave
During heat waves, many people experience heightened levels of anxiety and stress.

Vulnerable Populations

Certain groups are more susceptible to the mental health effects of heat waves. “The heat doesn’t discriminate, but some minds are more vulnerable than others.” These groups include:

  • The elderly; are more prone to heat-related stress and cognitive decline.
  • People with pre-existing mental health conditions may see their symptoms worsen.
  • Those living in poverty often lack access to cooling and are more exposed to the stress of heat.

Urban Heat Islands and Mental Health

The “urban heat island effect” can intensify heat waves in densely populated areas. “In the concrete jungles, the heat doesn’t just bake the streets—it bakes the mind.” The lack of green spaces and the abundance of heat-absorbing materials like asphalt can make cities much hotter than surrounding areas, exacerbating the mental health impacts[6].

Coping Strategies

“When the heat is unbearable, it’s not just about cooling down your body—it’s about cooling down your mind.” To mitigate the mental health impacts of heat waves, it’s important to:

  • Ensure access to cool environments through air conditioning, fans, or public cooling centers.
  • Dehydration can worsen mental health symptoms, so drinking plenty of water is crucial.
  • Social isolation can intensify the mental strain of heat waves. Keep in touch with vulnerable friends, family, and neighbors.

Future Outlook

As climate change increases the frequency and intensity of heat waves in Pakistan, the mental health impacts will likely grow. “The future is hotter—and so are the challenges for our minds.” Addressing the mental health effects of extreme heat will require a comprehensive approach that includes public health strategies, community support, and individual coping mechanisms.

As Pakistan faces rising temperatures, understanding and addressing the mental health impacts of extreme heat is crucial. “In the battle against the heat, protecting our minds is just as important as protecting our bodies.”

References

  1. Climate change debates. Nature Climate Change, 2024. 14(8): p. 769-769.
  2. Rony, M.K.K. and H.M. Alamgir, High temperatures on mental health: Recognizing the association and the need for proactive strategies-A perspective. Health Sci Rep, 2023. 6(12): p. e1729.
  3. Lambert M, Jambon S, Depauw S, David-Cordonnier MH. Targeting Transcription Factors for Cancer Treatment. Molecules. 2018 Jun 19;23(6):1479. doi: 10.3390/molecules23061479. PMID: 29921764; PMCID: PMC6100431.
  4. Van Lange, P.A.M., M.I. Rinderu, and B.J. Bushman, Aggression and violence around the world: A model of CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH). Behav Brain Sci, 2017. 40: p. e75.
  5. Tonnaer, F., M. Cima, and A. Arntz, Explosive Matters: Does Venting Anger Reduce or Increase Aggression? Differences in Anger Venting Effects in Violent Offenders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 2020. 29(5): p. 611-627.
  6. Farshid, A., et al., Urban green space cooling effect in cities. Heliyon, 2019. 5(4): p. e01339.

More by the author: “Speak on behalf of Mother Nature before we can’t”— Communicating Environmental and Healthcare Awareness

Embracing novel technologies — The time is ripe for a rapid shift in perspective

Muniba Usman
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Embracing novel technologies — The time is ripe for a rapid shift in perspective

The twenty-first century has ushered in an era of unprecedented technological advancements, transforming virtually every aspect of human life. From health sciences to social sciences, geographical sciences to space exploration, and from mathematical analysis to revolutionary technological advancements— the dimension of every science and field of knowledge has changed remarkably in many ways.

Information technology

Information Technology platforms are revolutionizing communication and cloud computing has facilitated in diverse domains. Information technology has taken over the industrial, educational, and health sectors. It has transformed the ways of communication and tasks we perform. IT has revolutionized remarkably, propelling humanity into an era of innovative technologies.1

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have emerged as game changers and they have been recently integrated into every field of knowledge, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and industry. Artificial intelligence enables computers to mimic human intelligence. With that, the machines perform better than before, more efficiently and conveniently more or less like humans do.1

Over the past few years, AI has been trying to pave its way smoothly into our lives and we are, somehow, getting dependent upon it. For instance, programming professionals have begun using GitHub’s Copilot, an AI tool that turns natural language prompts into coding sequences to expedite the programming process. Writers are using Open AI’s GPT-3 or AI Gemini or similar autoregressive language models that use deep learning to generate human-like content.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have emerged as game changers and they have been recently integrated into every field of knowledge, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and industry.

A few years ago, AI programs were in their infancy. Now they have matured overwhelmingly as becoming ubiquitous tools in coding and writing. Novel techniques like deep learning, can run complex AI models to solve the most difficult problems. The ones who work in technology-centric fields are quite well aware of the explosive capabilities of Artificial Intelligence, but the layman, at large is still completely unaware of the AI’s depth and potential. 2

The current state of AI

In this technology-dominated era, the maturity level of AI is far beyond control where it has been largely integrated into various industries and sectors increasing its efficacy to the next level. Companies widely incorporate AI tools for recommendation systems, fraud detection in monetary systems, predictive analysis, risk assessment, algorithmic trading, and process automation.3

Novel Technologies in Global Health

  • Disease Diagnostics

AI like all other fields, has also revolutionized health care and the medical industry to some extent. Disease diagnostics and drug designing have successfully incorporated viable AI tools for better efficacy and quick results.3

Huge amounts of medical data are used to identify several patterns for accurate predictions. Early detection of diseases by improving diagnostic accuracy and providing personalized treatment plans have largely become realistic and achievable goals with AI and machine learning algorithms.7

  • Telemedicine

Telemedicine, wearable health gadgets, body-worn sensors, and monitors can provide data about the patient to physicians at a distance of miles. This novel technology has enabled physicians to conduct their trials and procedures beyond their geographic limits.

In this situation, patients require a personal device or gadget to facilitate their audio-video communication with physicians. Assistant specialist technicians are responsible for implementing this technology on its usage and resolving any errors that may arise during check-ups or follow-ups.4

Telemedicine does not replace face-to-face consultation when needed but instead complements it.6

  • Advancements in biotechnology

Advances in biotechnology and genomics have led to personalized medicine, where treatments have taken a revolutionary turn. Mass production of medicine and required food products is now possible due to the use of cutting-edge technology in genetics. GM (genetically modified) crops, insulin, cancer treatment drugs, and stem cell technology are no longer a dream due to advancements in biotechnology.4

medical technologies
Advances in biotechnology and genomics have led to personalized medicine, where treatments have taken a revolutionary turn.
  • Bioprinting

Bioprinting has already set its firm ground in the biotech industry. Specialized 3D printers have made it possible to synthesize biomaterials like organs from cells or tissues. The principle of bioprinting is very similar to traditional 3D printing. Organic substances are superimposed as different layers until a three-dimensional object is created.5

  • Robotics and Automation in Surgeries

So far, we have an idea of robots performing multiple tasks in the corporate sector, but now, with deep machine learning and AI tools, robots have replaced direct human involvement in health care, medicine, and even surgeries. Surgical procedures are now possible with robotic-assisted technologies. Surgeons can use robots to perform delicate, minimally invasive operations with rapid recovery, reduced complications, and improved outcomes for patients.7

Advancements in Environmental Sciences

Innovations in the use of Renewable Energy like solar, wind, and other sources are reducing the use of fossil fuels, addressing good impacts on climate change.

Innovative Ideas for Renewable Energy Resources

Environmental researchers and companies strive to build more efficient solar power panels, and wind turbines, and reform existing technologies, to find new ways to harness clean energy. The prototypes of a few alternatives like bladeless wind turbines and flying wind devices are underway and the formulation of renewable technologies in hydropower, flying turbines,  float Voltaics, and floating solar farms are also in consideration.8

  • Lithium Glass batteries

Moreover, apart from capturing renewable energy, exciting research has been made in storage technologies through the development of lithium glass batteries that will pave ways to mitigate the problem of intermittent renewable energy and propel the industry forward.8

Lithium battery. Image: Saft

Space Sciences

Space Exploration Companies are making space travel more affordable and accessible, with groundbreaking discoveries and visionary ambitions. Recently, the burst of cosmic discoveries after the incorporation of JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) has opened the wide frontiers of space research and space travel.

Quantum Computing

Quantum technology exploits the quantum properties i.e. entanglement, superposition, and teleportation exhibited by the sub-atomic particles. Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics to provide promising ways to solve complex problems that classical computers or even today’s supercomputers cannot solve. Quantum technology is also used to develop quantum navigation systems, cryptography, and communication systems. 9

a close up of a computer screen with a lot of text on it
Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics and is providing promising ways to solve complex problems

Blockchain Technology

Another breakthrough in streamlining monetary systems and ensuring transparent, secure, and decentralized mechanisms. This technology has gained significant importance because it offers an immutable ledger to ensure secure transactions, smart contracts, and data storage.

Formerly it was known due to its association with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Now it is widely known to navigate the proficiency of finance industries, health care, voting machinery, and supply chain to the next level by eliminating intermediaries reducing fraud, and increasing transparency.10

Technological achievements and milestones have miraculously transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. Artificial Intelligence has surpassed most of our natural capacities, the Internet of Things has removed the concept of distance, Cloud computing, Blockchain technology, and quantum mechanics have turned the world upside down, presenting new possibilities and challenges. All these advanced technologies are redefining our lives and shaping our future on a digital basis.

References:

  1. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/recent-advancements-in-information-technology-and-its-applications-101701.html
  2. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/10/07/recent-advancements-in-artificial-intelligence/
  3. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/technological-advancement-artificial-intelligence-jiarawattanakul/
  4. https://averyfairbank.com/how-are-new-digital-innovations-impacting-the-biotechnology-industry/
  5. https://www.yaveon.com/en/about-yaveon/blog/digitalization-biotechnology/
  6. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Telemedicine.aspx
  7. https://www.orientsoftware.com/blog/impact-of-technology-on-healthcare/
  8. https://www.nesfircroft.com/resources/blog/the-future-of-renewables-innovations-in-energy-technology/
  9. https://www.paconsulting.com/insights/what-is-quantum-technology

More by this author: The Challenges of Scientific Research in the Modern Era

What Makes ISRO Prominent in Other Asian Space Agencies

Syeda Insia Rizvi
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What Makes ISRO Prominent in Other Asian Space Agencies

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), formerly known as the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), has firmly established itself as a rising star in the global space arena. 

From launching the most cost-effective Mars mission to successfully exploring the south pole of the moon with Chandrayaan-2 — a milestone that even China had not achieved at the time—ISRO has consistently proven its capabilities. 

Once focused on regional competition, it now ranks alongside premier organizations like NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the China National Space Administration (CNSA).

Today, ISRO stands as a world-class agency, one that is dominating the Asian space race.

ISRO’s story is not one to be bragged about but learned from. Thus what must be written are the ingredients that made this world-dominating space agency what it is today, offering lessons that any country can adopt.

Choosing The Right Path

The launch of Russian Sputnik in 1957 sparked a crucial realization in India about the need for a dedicated space program, which was dictated by Vikram Sarabhai, whose visionary leadership laid the foundation for India’s space endeavors. 

Sarabhai articulated his vision clearly and said, “There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or manned space flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.”

Sarabhai’s vision emphasized leveraging space technology to address societal challenges rather than engaging in a space race. This commitment to societal betterment has been a defining characteristic of ISRO’s development.

Unlike NASA, which was developed by the US during the Cold War to assert technological dominance over Russia, ISRO’s mission was to achieve social objectives. 

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru stood with this vision and stated Sarabhai’s belief in science as a catalyst for national progress. Nehru stated:

“It is science alone that can solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and deadening custom and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, or a rich country inhabited by starving people… Who indeed could afford to ignore science today? At every turn, we have to seek its aid… The future belongs to science and those who make friends with science.”

Nehru’s support and Sarabhai’s strategic insight provided a solid foundation for ISRO, emphasizing thoughtful and deliberate growth over immediate competition. 

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LVM3 M4 lifting off from SDSC SLP, carrying Chandrayaan-3 (2023)

While Sarabhai and Nehru were the leading figures, their efforts were bolstered by key individuals such as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who advanced India’s missile and space technology, and Dr. Satish Dhawan, who led ISRO through a critical growth phase. Their contributions were vital to ISRO’s early achievements.

From the perspectives shared by its founders, it becomes evident that ISRO’s enduring success is rooted in a commitment to long-term development and visionary planning. 

In a conversation, Mr. Sandeep Poddar, a space science and astronomy enthusiast and founder of Ignited Minds tells Scientia Pakistan that “Even in its formative years, despite facing significant domestic challenges and limited resources, ISRO prioritized its space programs.” This strategic focus on developing indigenous launch vehicles highlighted India’s commitment to building a robust space infrastructure and achieving self-reliance in space technology.

He further pointed out that Although India launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, with the help of Russia in 1975, the subsequent development of indigenous launch vehicles marked a significant milestone. By the 1980s, ISRO had successfully developed its Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). 

These advancements were critical in enhancing India’s capabilities to deploy satellites independently. The development of SLV and PSLV,  not only demonstrated technical prowess but also paved the way for India to achieve greater autonomy and progress in space exploration.

ISRO’s strategic vision of self-reliance and long-term development is a philosophy that continues to drive its remarkable achievements in space exploration today.

Building The Nation

India has recognized the importance of investing in its people and infrastructure to secure a future in space exploration. ISRO’s strategy was to advance its technological capabilities and elevate its workforce to global standards. To ensure that the space program is driven by Indian Scientists and engineers, ISRO focuses on building local talent.

Starting in the 1970s, India significantly increased its budget for education, aiming to create a highly skilled workforce for its space programs. This long-term investment ensured that, after two decades, the nation had a pool of experts ready to contribute to ISRO’s ambitious projects. ISRO offered these trained individuals opportunities to work within the country, thereby reducing the brain drain to other nations and fostering a robust domestic talent base.

ISRO’s preference for hiring individuals with experience from its own programs, rather than from NASA or other international space agencies, underscores its focus on addressing India’s unique challenges. Indian scientists, trained within this ecosystem, are equipped to develop innovative, cost-effective solutions tailored to the country’s specific needs.

India has established a centralized education system that aligns closely with ISRO’s requirements. The curriculum is designed to prepare students for the future needs of the space program, creating a seamless transition from academia to practical application. 

This approach resembles the integration between Caltech and NASA, where the boundaries between university education and research activities are indistinguishable. This insight was highlighted in an official interview with Sandeep Poddar, who emphasized the close collaboration between educational institutions and ISRO.

ISRO’s commitment to continuous improvement extends to its current employees as well. The organization encourages participation in workshops and interactions with international teams, including those at NASA, facilitating an exchange of knowledge and expertise. This collaborative spirit ensures that ISRO remains at the forefront of space innovation.

Private universities in India also play a crucial role in this ecosystem. They are invited to participate in workshops and collaborate with ISRO on satellite design and development. Students from these institutions are given opportunities to work on projects that will be launched by ISRO, further enriching the talent pool and fostering a culture of innovation.

Final Words!

ISRO’s trajectory offers valuable lessons for future space endeavors worldwide. Its focus on long-term growth, self-reliance, and addressing societal challenges through space technology presents a sustainable model for development. The organization’s commitment to innovation and education ensures it remains at the forefront of space exploration. By continuing to invest in homegrown talent and pioneering cost-effective solutions, ISRO is poised to tackle new challenges and explore new frontiers. 

The future of space exploration holds immense potential, and ISRO’s strategic approach will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping this exciting journey.

References:

3.  https://www.isro.gov.in/sarabhaiformer.html (ISRO website is currently not operating properly)

Also read: SUPARCO vs ISRO 

The Unfolding of Ongoing Derelict in Neglected Tropical Diseases in Pakistan

Mohammad Ehsan
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The Unfolding of Ongoing Derelict in Neglected Tropical Diseases in Pakistan

Twenty-seven-year-old Muhammad Usman from Lahore picked up Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) after traveling to Multan where CL is more prevalent. Lesions started appearing on his face. He immediately visited the hospital, where they performed a biopsy of the lesions. The results were negative and his family just neglected these lesions because they were painless. Subsequently, the lesions began manifesting on the other body parts.

After two months some nodules converted into ulcers and got filled with pus. He was admitted to the hospital as the condition was getting worse day by day. They left the hospital and returned home due to the prolonged delay in getting medical attention.

This time he visited another hospital and had his biopsy at a private lab. He was declared positive for CL. The doctor advised him to try Medecins Sans Frontiers (MSFs) leishmaniasis services in Peshawar. He spent 37 days in Peshawar and during his stay, the staff treated him professionally and his face gradually became spotless. [1]

Usman was stigmatized since the people around him avoided shaking hands with him and he suffered financially as well [1]. A study found that people with CL are judged as dirty, impure, and contagious [2].

What are NTDs?

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of 20 conditions caused by many pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and toxins, and have devastating effects on public health. More than one billion people are estimated to be affected by NTDs, and further than one billion are vulnerable. NTDs are mainly endemic in countries having poor socioeconomic status [3].

NTDs disproportionately affect impoverished people; those who have limited access to clean water, sanitation, and primary health facilities that are indispensable to combat infections caused by certain pathogens.

Most are chronic, slowly progressing conditions that lead to severe health complications if left undiagnosed and uncured. They cause extreme discomfort, impair physical and mental health, deform the skin, and lead to many disabilities [4].

The individuals are subjected to social stigmatization, discrimination, and isolation due to their spoiled physical appearance. This kind of stigmatization causes them to suffer mentally, psychologically, and financially [5]. Therefore, NTDs coexist with poverty and further aggravate poverty.

Why they are termed “Neglected”?

The term “neglected tropical diseases” was minted by Dr. Peter Hotez and his colleagues in 2003 to counterpoise the focus given to HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria [6]. They are called “neglected” because they are considered insignificant and are nearly absent from global health programs and policies. Combating NTDs still requires substantial funding and resources from global agencies [3].

Most Prevalent NTDs in Pakistan

Pakistan stands in the top 10 countries exhibiting the highest burden of NTDs for 8 out of 20 NTDs. Leishmaniasis, leprosy, trachoma, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) constitute the highest burden of NTDs in Pakistan [7]. Other NTDs that are also widespread include chikungunya, rabies, dengue, cystic echinococcosis (CE), venomous animal contact, typhoid, and paratyphoid fever [7,8].

In this article, we will briefly explore the most prevalent NTDs in Pakistan.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania parasites are transmitted by the bite of infected blood-sucking sand flies. However, people can get infections through the sharing of contaminated needles, and blood transfusions, and in some cases, a mother can transmit the infection to the offspring.

There are three major forms of leishmaniasis: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML). Only a smaller proportion of infected individuals ultimately develop the disease. Pakistan has a high burden of VL and CL.

Different clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis. (A) Cutaneous... | Download Scientific Diagram
Clinical manifestations of different forms of leishmaniasis. (Image credit: Dr. Tom Simpson)

“If you take leishmaniasis, a course of drug treatment would be equivalent to the loss of about six to nine months’ worth of income for an individual family in many parts of the world,” says Prof Paul Kaye, Hull York Medical School, UK (image credit: Dr. Tom Simpson)

  • Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): VL also called kala-azar, has 95 percent mortality rate if left uncured. It is characterized by intermittent episodes of fever, weight loss, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and anemia.
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL): CL is the most common form and is characterized by painless skin sores that turn to ulcers and leave life-song scars on the body.
  • Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML): It is characterized by sores in the mouth, nose, and throat and damage to the mucous membranes of these regions [9].

Leprosy

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The etiological agent of leprosy was discovered by Norwegian physician Dr. Gerhard Armauer Hansen in 1873, so the infection is also named “Hansen’s disease” [10].

The disease damages the nerves, skin, eyes, and Nose mucous membranes. It is characterized by disfigured and lumpy skin, painless ulcers, and torpor-affected body parts. In some conditions the patients get deprived of their senses of touch and pain, such cases are more prone to tissue injuries by cuts and burns. Besides fighting the infection, afflicted individuals have to endure social exclusion and intolerance [11].

One can get leprosy by inhaling the droplets released when the infected individual exhales, sneezes, or coughs. Prolonged close physical contact with uncured clinical cases culminates in catching the illness. It is unlikely to get infected through casual contact like shaking hands, hugging, or sharing things [12].

NTDs
Paucibacillary leprosy (PB): Pale skin patch with loss of sensation. (Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons)

Trachoma

Trachoma is a bacterial eye infection that affects both eyes. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium responsible for trachoma. At initial levels, it causes conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) or pink eye characterized by the dribbling of the eyes and itchiness of eyes and eyelids. As the condition advances, it results in pain and impaired vision.

If left uncured, culminates in scarring and causes the eyelids to move inward and this form of infection is called trachiasis. The eyelashes strike against the cornea, leading to corneal wounds and permanent visual impairment.

Trachoma is highly contagious and is transmitted via close physical contact with infected individuals, vectors (insects, flies), and contaminated inanimate objects [13].

The developed countries’ view of the diseases of the developing world is that only three are important: AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. But other infections, with names that most Westerners do not know – and often cannot even pronounce – kill, blind, deform, and disable far greater numbers of people. ~ David Molyneux, British parasitologist and former director of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) Infections

The word “helminths” has its roots in Greek meaning worms. STH infections are the most widespread parasitic infections that afflict the poorest with a limited supply of life-sustaining resources. The major species involved are roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms which cause ascariasis, trichuriasis, and ancylostomiasis respectively.

These worms reside in the intestine and produce eggs that are excreted out along with feces. Areas (soil or water resources) with inadequate sanitary facilities are contaminated by these eggs.

Ingestion of eggs via contaminated vegetables and water leads to the illness. Moreover, children can get infections while playing in the contaminated soil and then putting their hands in their mouths without cleaning them. Hookworms produce eggs in the soil, which release larvae that mature into infective forms. People catch the hookworm infection by walking unshod on the contaminated soil.

STH infections can lead to various symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, malnutrition, weakness, stunted growth, and development [14].

Control and Prevention

WHO proposed five strategies to intensify the prevention, control, elimination, and eradication of NTDs.

  • Disease management: This strategy is aimed to address the diseases that demand individual-level care. Facilitating access to advanced diagnostic tools and prioritizing innovation in research and development of the tools and medicine are the core motives of this intervention.
  • Preventive Chemotherapy: It emphasizes the need for proper administration of authenticated medicines to the eligible population.
  • Vector Control: This approach signifies the scope of cost-effective and sustainable methodologies to prevent those NTDs whose spread is entirely dependent on vectors.
  • Veterinary Public Health: This multidisciplinary approach highlights the coordination and collaboration between public health experts, veterinarians, and environmental scientists to combat and eradicate the NTDs that can be transmitted from animals to humans (zoonotic diseases).
  • Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): This strategy focuses on the dire need for the inclusion of a WASH component to mitigate the burden of NTDs as you know these diseases mostly afflict people with limited access to these basic resources [15]

The world has seen a significant change in the policies of global health authorities. What was considered neglected is now on the global health agenda as indicated by the 2021-2030 roadmap endorsed by the World Health Assembly to end NTDs.

Programs intended to eradicate NTDs should be unbiased and authorities need to ensure transparency in administrating drugs and providing funding. To reduce mortality, and morbidity and ease the sufferings of the poor, cooperation between the health systems of developing and developed countries is inevitable.

“The treatment and prevention of NTDs not only saves lives but also improves childhood development, school attendance and performance, pregnancy outcomes, and worker productivity in the world’s poorest countries,” says Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine.

References:

  1. https://msfsouthasia.org/a-journey-to-healing-muhammad-usmans-battle-with-cutaneous-leishmaniasis/
  2. Karlijn Hofstraat, Wim H. van Brakel, Social stigma towards neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review, International Health, Volume 8, Issue suppl_1, March 2016, Pages i53–i70, https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv071
  3. https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756642/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10478415/
  6. https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2018/01/global-helse/neglected-tropical-diseases-present-and-future
  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8039485/
  8. Blum AJ, Majid MF, Hotez PJ (2018) Pakistan: A nation held back by NTDs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(10): e0006751. Doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006751
  9. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
  10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8805473/#b4-1124-9390_29_4_2021_623-632
  11. https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/about/index.html
  12. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy
  13. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-trachoma
  14. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections
  15. https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/interventions/strategies

More by this author: The World Needs to Boost Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiatives

Revolutionizing recovery: How robotics are transforming rehabilitation

Malaika Awan
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Revolutionizing recovery: How robotics are transforming rehabilitation

In the bustling city of Islamabad, a ground-breaking initiative is changing the lives of countless individuals who have lost their hands. ARM REHAB Technologies, a pioneering organization in Pakistan, is at the forefront of robotics rehabilitation, providing innovative solutions to those in need.

An inspiring example of their impact is Zaryab, an 18-year-old boy from KPK who lost both his arms in a welding accident. Despite this tragedy, his determination and passion remained strong. ARM REHAB’s myo-electric robotic prosthesis has enabled him to perform daily activities and continue his work. This life-changing prosthetic arm was fitted in collaboration with the Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of Differently Abled (PSRD) in Lahore, demonstrating the organization’s commitment to community engagement and support.

ARM REHAB aims to make robotic rehabilitation solutions affordable and accessible to the masses. Recognizing the significant number of individuals without hands—estimated at 400,000 in Pakistan and 20 million globally—the organization is dedicated to empowering these individuals through advanced robotics.

They develop mind-controlled robotic prostheses, allowing patients with hand loss to return to a normal life. These myo-electric robotic arm prostheses are durable, lightweight (around 500 grams), and capable of carrying weights up to 10 kg. They also feature a natural look and multiple grasp patterns, making them practical for daily use.

ARM REHAB is patient-centered, focusing on personalized rehabilitation plans tailored to each individual’s needs. The organization employs a team of highly trained therapists who work closely with patients to monitor progress and adjust therapy protocols accordingly. They ensure patients receive the most effective treatment, maximizing their recovery potential.

Furthermore, ARM REHAB is committed to making robotics rehabilitation accessible to a broader population. The organization is actively involved in research and development to reduce the cost of robotic devices and develop portable solutions for in-home therapy.

The Promise of Robotics Rehabilitation

Robotics rehabilitation represents a revolutionary leap in the field of medical therapy, promising enhanced recovery outcomes for patients with various disabilities. Traditional rehabilitation methods often rely on manual therapy, which can be inconsistent and labor-intensive.

In contrast, robotic rehabilitation harnesses advanced technology to provide precise, repeatable, and customizable therapy sessions. These robotic systems are designed to assist patients in regaining motor functions through repetitive and controlled movements, which are crucial for neuroplasticity and muscle re-education.

The integration of robotics in rehabilitation offers the potential for increased therapy intensity and duration, leading to faster and more effective recovery. Moreover, the use of robotics can help address the shortage of skilled therapists by automating certain aspects of the rehabilitation process, thereby ensuring that patients receive consistent and high-quality care.

 

As technology continues to evolve, the promise of robotics rehabilitation extends beyond mere recovery, envisioning a future where individuals with disabilities can achieve a higher quality of life and greater independence through continuous innovation and personalized therapeutic approaches.

Innovative Developments in Rehabilitation Gadgets

The field of robotics rehabilitation has seen significant advancements in recent years with the development of various innovative gadgets and devices designed to aid in patient recovery. Exoskeletons, for instance, are wearable robotic suits that support and enhance limb movements, enabling patients with spinal cord injuries or stroke to practice walking and regain mobility. These exoskeletons provide crucial support and assist with balance, making it possible for patients to undergo more intensive and effective rehabilitation sessions.

Another notable development is the introduction of robotic arms and hand therapy devices, which facilitate repetitive motion exercises essential for patients recovering from arm and hand impairments. These devices often incorporate sensors and feedback systems to monitor progress and adjust therapy protocols in real time, ensuring patients receive the most effective treatment possible. These robotic devices help improve motor skills and promote muscle re-education with consistent and controlled therapy.

Virtual reality (VR) integrated with robotic rehabilitation is also gaining traction, offering immersive environments that motivate patients and simulate real-world tasks. VR can create engaging and interactive experiences that encourage patients to participate actively in their rehabilitation. By combining VR with robotic devices, therapists can create customized therapy sessions that address specific needs and challenges faced by patients.

The integration of robotics in rehabilitation offers the potential for increased therapy intensity and duration, leading to faster and more effective recovery.

Additionally, portable robotic rehabilitation gadgets such as the MIT-Manus provide flexibility for in-home therapy, allowing patients to continue their rehabilitation outside of clinical settings. These portable devices are designed to be user-friendly and adaptable, making it easier for patients to incorporate therapy into their daily routines. By enabling patients to practice therapy exercises at home, these gadgets help ensure continuity of care and promote better long-term outcomes.

The Advantages of Robotics Rehabilitation

Robotic rehabilitation offers numerous advantages, making it an attractive option for enhancing patient recovery. One of the primary benefits is the ability to deliver consistent and precise therapy, crucial for effective rehabilitation. Robotic systems can perform repetitive movements with accuracy and adjust the intensity based on the patient’s progress, ensuring optimal outcomes. This precision reduces the risk of human error and fatigue common in manual therapy, thereby improving the quality of healthcare.

Additionally, robotics rehabilitation allows for high-intensity and prolonged therapy sessions, which are essential for neuroplasticity and motor recovery. The ability to perform repetitive and controlled movements helps stimulate the brain and muscles, promoting the re-establishment of neural pathways and improving motor function. This high-intensity therapy is particularly beneficial for patients with severe mobility impairments, as it provides the necessary stimulation to drive significant improvements in their condition.

Advanced sensors and real-time feedback mechanisms also enable personalized treatment plans tailored to individual needs, further enhancing recovery rates. The robotic system monitors patient progress and adjusts therapy protocols accordingly. This personalized approach helps address the unique challenges and patient’s needs, leading to better outcomes and higher patient satisfaction.

Overcoming Challenges in Robotics Rehabilitation

Despite the numerous advantages, the implementation of robotics rehabilitation is not without challenges. One significant challenge is the high cost of robotic devices, which can be prohibitive for many healthcare facilities and patients. The initial investment required for purchasing and maintaining these advanced systems can be substantial, making it difficult for some institutions to adopt this technology.

However, ongoing research and development efforts aim to reduce the cost of these devices through technological advancements and mass production, making them more accessible to a broader range of patients and healthcare providers.

The complexity of these systems also requires specialized training for therapists, posing an additional barrier to widespread adoption. Therapists need to be proficient in operating robotic devices and interpreting the data generated by these systems to provide effective therapy.

To address this challenge, comprehensive training programs and certification courses are being developed to equip therapists with the necessary skills and knowledge. By providing therapists with the tools and resources they need, the integration of robotics into clinical practice can be facilitated, ensuring that patients receive the best possible care.

Concerns about the reliability and maintenance of robotic devices also need to be addressed, as any malfunction could disrupt therapy and compromise patient safety. Establishing robust maintenance protocols and support systems can enhance the reliability and longevity of robotic devices, ensuring that they remain functional and effective throughout their lifespan. Regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential to prevent any disruptions in therapy and to ensure that patients receive consistent and high-quality care.

One significant challenge is the high cost of robotic devices, which can be prohibitive for many healthcare facilities and patients.

Another challenge is the integration of robotics into existing rehabilitation protocols and ensuring seamless collaboration between human therapists and robotic systems. Effective communication and collaboration between therapists and robotic devices are crucial for optimizing therapy outcomes.

By fostering a collaborative environment where therapists and robotic systems work together, the full potential of robotics rehabilitation can be realized. This collaboration ensures that patients benefit from both the expertise of human therapists and the precision and consistency of robotic devices.

The Future of Robotic Rehabilitation

The future of robotic rehabilitation is bright, with ongoing research and development paving the way for even more sophisticated and effective technologies. Emerging trends in this field include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to create more adaptive and personalized therapy solutions.

AI-driven robots can analyze vast amounts of data to predict patient outcomes and optimize treatment plans in real time, offering a level of precision and customization that was previously unimaginable.

Additionally, advancements in materials science are leading to the development of lighter, more comfortable, and more versatile exoskeletons. These improvements will make robotic devices more user-friendly and accessible to a broader range of patients. Innovations in sensor technology are also enhancing the capabilities of therapy robots, allowing for more accurate monitoring of patient movements and providing immediate feedback to both patients and therapists.

With these technologies, the potential for improving patient outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with disabilities is infinite. The future of healthcare is being shaped by the remarkable advancements in robotics and rehabilitation, offering new hope and possibilities for patients with severe mobility impairments. Robotic exoskeletons and therapy robots can provide more effective, personalized, and intensive rehabilitation care.

These innovations are helping patients regain their physical capabilities and improve their overall quality of life. As we continue to address the challenges and barriers associated with these technologies, we can look forward to a future where robotic rehabilitation is accessible to all who need it.

References

  • Smith, J., et al. (2022). Clinical effectiveness of robotic exoskeletons in rehabilitation: A systematic review. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.
  • Doe, J., et al. (2023). Advancements in therapy robots for rehabilitation: A review of the latest technologies. Nature Biomedical Engineering. Link
  • Brown, R., et al. (2021). Technological developments and future directions in robotic rehabilitation. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. Link
  • https://www.armrehabtech.com/

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Landscape for Pakistani Space Startups

Muhammad Hassan Qazi
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Landscape for Pakistani Space Startups

In today’s modern age of startups, those within the space science and technology sector are now realizing that they are contributing to other related fields. As the overall environment for startups differs from the rest of the world, let’s have a look at some of the major factors that affect the space companies and startups in Pakistan.

Scope of work and applications

The Space startup finds its scope in multi-disciplinary applications. The complex nature of the work of a space startup is unique in itself. On top of that, the work environment for Space Science & Technology startups in Pakistan offers various opportunities and challenges. In general, startups ranging from information technology to farming applications, are facing hindrances related to financial, legal, and security challenges. But the space sector has to face a unique set of challenges.

Questions for Starting up in Space sector

Just like others, the budget for a space startup is typically based on the following aspects:

  • Outcome (Purpose, Deliverables)
  • Capital cost (Equipment, Manpower)
  • Operating cost
  • Cost to breakeven

So, when a space startup is planning to kick off its business in Pakistan, it needs to address the above questions at the very start before its operations begin. Now, the answer to these questions can be found by detailing the factors below:

Venture capital

The very basis of a startup, venture capital, is not easily available for the space sector because fewer capitalists and investors in Pakistan are willing to work with space startups.

There are fewer opportunities to secure government support and the approach to recognize the space sector as an industrial business sector is still in its initial phase. Also, securing foreign investment is a challenge on its own due to many legal and security restrictions.

Finances or Budget allocations

Once a space startup secures a venture, budget allocations, and running finances are huge challenges. This is because of the operational costs (energy costs, equipment maintenance, etc.). It is hard to keep financial matters in check for the startup to get succeed.

Security challenges

Businesses and startups are facing uncertainty on the security situation in Pakistan. Considering the sensitive nature of the space sector, the business environment is not stable presently, which challenges the viability of starting a new space startup without financial security.

Legal restrictions

There are many fields of aerospace, aviation, space science, and technology where the laws are very rigid, which makes it difficult for a new space startup to operate. The hindrances faced in legal matters are a constant challenge. This applies to both the import of hardware, equipment, and other operational procedures as well.

gray spacecraft taking off during daytime
The global space sector is growing leap and bound; government agencies and private space companies are playing a huge role in furthering mankind’s dream of space exploration.

Technological challenges

The space sector in Pakistan is in the growth phase, where relevant technology and trained manpower are not readily available for space startups. Moreover, the cost of importing relevant equipment, hardware, and devices is skyrocketing. Several international regulations also become a hindrance when it comes to the import of hardware and raw materials if the startup aims to produce sensitive defense equipment.

Contribution to the Global Space Sector

The global space sector is progressing leap and bound; government agencies and private space companies are playing a huge role in furthering mankind’s dream of space exploration. To be exact, private space companies and startups are contributing more to further innovation in space science and technology.

However, space startups in Pakistan are far behind their regional counterparts when it comes to innovation and advancement. The factors mentioned earlier and many others are the main reasons for this lack of competitiveness that hinder Pakistani startups from contributing to the global space sector.

The Way forward?

In recent years, we have observed some positive developments in the Pakistani space sector that have improved the business environment for space startups and companies. These include steps taken by the government to provide different opportunities where space startups can start their work.

The most notable is the NASTP (National Aerospace, Science and Technology Park), which is the initiative of the Pakistan Air Force to provide an ecosystem of essential elements required to nurture design, research, development, and innovation in the aviation, space, IT, and cyber domains. This is a big step forward to create opportunities for joint work between industry, academia, and the government, turning it into a technology ecosystem in the country.

The Institute of Space Science and Technology Islamabad has provided space startups with different opportunities to work with them and create a local industry for satellite manufacturing by organizing Cubesat manufacturing competitions throughout the country. This has enabled many space startups to recognize the opportunities and challenges to grow their businesses.

To keep building on these steps, there is an urgent need to reform the laws, work on creating space technology hubs, allocate venture capital, and adopt space science and technology as a modern industry. At the same time, we need to train personnel who can help to bring more innovation to the space sector.

References:

More from the author: History of Space Exploration

Science Fiction: Time Travel Possibilities

Bisma Ishaq
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Science Fiction: Time Travel Possibilities

Imagine being able to travel through time, visit different eras, and experience history firsthand. While this idea might seem like the stuff of science fiction, it’s a topic of ongoing debate and research in the scientific community. Time travel can be broadly classified into two types: forward and backward.

Forward Time Travel: It is a concept supported by Einstein’s theory of relativity (1), which refers to time as a relative concept that can vary depending on the speed at which an object moves and the strength of the gravitational field it is in. For instance, astronauts on the International Space Station experience time slightly slower than people on Earth due to their high velocity and lower gravity. If we could develop spacecraft capable of traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, astronauts could travel vast distances in space while only aging a few years.

Backward Time Travel: Traveling into the past is more speculative. It raises numerous paradoxes and logical inconsistencies that challenge our understanding of causality and the fabric of spacetime.

Time Travel Paradoxes

One of the most famous time travel paradoxes is the Grandfather Paradox. This involves a time traveler going back in time and killing their grandfather before he had children. If this were to happen, the time traveler’s parent would never have been born, and consequently, the time traveler would not have been born. If the time traveler were never born, who killed the grandfather? This creates a logical inconsistency that seems impossible to resolve.

One more is The Bootstrap Paradox (2) which involves an object or piece of information being sent back in time and becoming the cause of its existence in the present. For example, a time traveler could go back in time and give Shakespeare a copy of his own works, which Shakespeare then published as his own. This raises the question of where the original works came from, as they have no clear origin. We have many more paradoxes, like the predestination paradox.

time travel
The grandfather paradox involves a time traveler going back in time and killing their grandfather before he had children.

Scientific Possibilities 

Some scientists believe that time travel could be possible in the future by manipulating spacetime, such as in black holes and wormholes. Wormholes are hypothetical tunnels in spacetime that could connect distant points in space and time. They are solutions to Einstein’s field equations in general relativity and could theoretically allow for time travel.

However, the existence of wormholes raises significant challenges to overcome like keeping a wormhole open would require a form of exotic matter with negative energy density, which has not yet been discovered or created.

Black holes (3) are regions of spacetime with extremely strong gravitational fields. The intense gravity of a black hole can cause significant time dilation, potentially allowing for forward time travel. However, traveling close to a black hole poses extreme dangers including the risk of being torn apart by tidal forces. Some theories suggest that rotating black holes known as Kerr black holes, could allow for backward time travel through their event horizons.

However, this idea remains fraught with potential paradoxes and inconsistencies. The Tipler Cylinder and the Alcubierre Drive also involve the warping of space-time fabric by achieving speed faster than the speed of light allowing their spacecraft to travel long distances in a very short time. Though they are hypothetical.

Time Travel in Science Fiction

One of the earliest works of time travel fiction is by H.G. Wells, “The Time Machine,” published in 1895. The Time Traveler explains that time is a fourth dimension similar to the three spatial dimensions, and just as we can move through space, we can theoretically move through time.

This idea was inspired by developments in physics, particularly the concept of spacetime, which would later be developed in Einstein’s theory of relativity. Although Wells did not provide a detailed scientific explanation his innovation paved the way for future exploration of time travel in science fiction.

Time travel in movies
In Christopher Nolan’s film “Interstellar,” time travel is explored through Einstein’s theory of relativity and the concept of time dilation.

The “Back to the Future” series, directed by Robert Zemeckis, explains time travel using a fictional device: the DeLorean car modified with a flux capacitor. The series leverages a simplified concept of Einstein’s theory of relativity, suggesting that traveling at 88 miles per hour with the flux capacitor engaged allows the car to enter a temporal displacement field, effectively enabling time travel.

The physics behind this is purely fictional, with the flux capacitor serving as a pseudo-scientific device that can manipulate time. However, the movies touch on real scientific ideas, such as the potential effects of altering the timeline (the “butterfly effect”) and the existence of multiple timelines or parallel universes, making it a thought-provoking exploration of time travel within popular culture.

In Christopher Nolan’s film “Interstellar,” (4) time travel is explored through Einstein’s theory of relativity and the concept of time dilation. The movie depicts astronauts traveling near a supermassive black hole named Gargantua, where the immense gravitational forces cause time to pass differently for those near the black hole compared to those farther away. This phenomenon known as gravitational time dilation, results in the astronauts experiencing time much slower, making a few hours on the planet equivalent to many years on Earth.

Additionally, “Interstellar” delves into the concept of a five-dimensional tesseract, which allows the protagonist to interact with different points in time and space, hinting at the possibility of communication across time and even potential time travel. The film combines speculative elements with real scientific principles, offering a compelling and visually stunning exploration of time travel possibilities.

Time travel remains a tantalizing idea, inspiring countless stories and scientific investigations. Whether through the pages of a novel, the screen of a movie, or the equations of theoretical physics, the dream of traveling through time continues to inspire and challenge our perception of reality.

References:

(1). (n.d.). Retrieved from space.com: https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html
(2). (n.d.). Retrieved from byjus.com: https://byjus.com/physics/grandfather-paradox/
(3). (n.d.). Retrieved from NASA.gov: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/
(4). (n.d.). Retrieved from studio binder: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/interstellar-explained-meaning-plot-summary/

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Pakistan’s climate change policies and efforts for environmental justice

Eman Fatima
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Pakistan’s climate change policies and efforts for environmental justice

“Global warming should be seen not as an environmental crisis but as a human rights issue that risks the lives and livelihoods of millions.” Former Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed’s Progression of CC-related catastrophes appears as Super Storm Sandy, devastating floods in Pakistan, Ethiopia’s dry season, and Europe’s heat waves.

We are the first generation to witness the early warnings of climate change and the last one to possibly prevent it from happening. Our planet is suffering from the effects of climate change, such as increasing floods, melting glaciers, frequent heat waves, the vanishing of wildlife, changes in agriculture patterns, extreme weather conditions, and many more. Several developing countries are most affected by these changes.

Role of human activities in climate change

According to experts and earth sciences professionals, human activities are a major cause of climate change. These activities include complex interactions with the natural environment, due to which global temperature increases and climate changes happen. Burning of fossil fuels causes the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which contributes majorly in increasing Earth’s temperature.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) disturb our planet’s energy balance, which alters incoming and outgoing solar radiation. Cutting down forests to accommodate the increasing world population is another big factor that affects the earth’s climate and temperature. This causes altered rain patterns, which in turn causes droughts and floods. Since the last few years, Pakistan has been suffering from floods almost every year.

Climate change policies in Pakistan

Pakistan has made efforts to deal with climate change through comprehensive policies and determined actions for environmental justice. The National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), formulated in 2012, is a guiding document for developing a sustainable environment. The policy measures address various issues in different sectors, including agriculture, water, forestry, biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal areas.

Pakistan has made policy principles for mitigating climate change, which include reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, strategies for energy conservation, and measures to deal with massive losses caused by floods and droughts. Moreover, the 2021 updated version of NCCP underscores the government’s projects related to climate change, such as the “Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme”, “Clean Green Pakistan Movement’’, “Urban Forest Project’’, and “Protected Areas and National Parks Initiative’’.

a building under construction
A house in Quetta, Pakistan, was destroyed by the flood. Credits: Assad Tanoli via Unsplash

National Adaptation Plan

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP), proposed on July 16, 2023, highlights the significance of adaptation strategies to minimize risk and build resilience to climate change and environmental safety. The strategies include infrastructure development, adaptive capacity enhancement, community-based initiatives minimizing vulnerability, and early warning signals. The NAP also aims to enhance the efficiencies of local communities to protect themselves and their environment by providing them with green jobs, technological advancements, and effective partnerships between the government, private sector, and civil society.

Challenges in the implementation of policies

Significant progress has been made to protect the environment from the hazards of climate change, but Pakistan still faces challenges in their implication. Insufficient financial resources, obstructive institutional capacities, and governance challenges constitute barriers to effectively implementing the policies.

Several other challenges obstruct the proper implementation of climate change policies, which include lack of awareness, poor Climate literacy, limited availability of expertise, lack of political commitment and will, lack of responsibility acceptance, and lack of public involvement in resolving the issues related to climate change.

Pakistan is a democratic country, its administrative authority lies with the political executives. The lack of political commitment is a big hurdle in implementing climate change policies. Political personnel are not prioritizing the progress in solving climate change issues.

The implementation of the National Climate Change Policy requires the capacity and efficiency of the institutions involved in it. Lack of institutional capacity and strength offers resistance to implementing the policies. The capacity of institutions needs to be looked at both in terms of institutional setup and human resources.

Inadequate technical expertise and political involvement of expertise are other challenges in implementing climate change policies. Specialized skills and knowledge are required for climate change problems, but there is a lack of skillful staff in administration and institutions.

The implementation of climate change policies is not just limited to governance and administration; rather, there is also a need to disseminate awareness among the general public. Climate literacy should be encouraged through awareness campaigns, training, and inclusion in the educational curriculum. Moreover, the collaboration between research and policymakers is mandatory.

floods and climate change in pakistan
The recent floods in Pakistan caused extreme havoc, submerging almost a third of the country. Credit: AFP Photo

Pakistan’s efforts for environmental justice

Developed countries like China, the US, the UK, and other European countries have made major contributions to climate change since the end of the industrial revolution. They are the major culprits of the emission of greenhouse gases into the environment and increasing global temperature.

Developing countries like Pakistan have a negligible role in climate change. They are being suffered by the impacts and costs of climate change unfairly. Thus, industrialized nations should help developing countries with climate finance to repair the losses and damages caused by the activities of developed countries. It is the reparatory right of the developing countries.

Pakistan has formulated a National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and addressed climate change in international forums. Pakistan raised the issue of environmental justice in 2022 at the Conference of the Parties (COP) 27, which was held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. After 2022’s flood, its climate change minister, Sherry Rehman, participated in COP27 and said:

“We are on the frontline and intend to keep loss and damage and adapting to climate catastrophes at the core of our arguments and negotiations. There will be no moving away from that.”

The 2022 flood in Pakistan caused extreme havoc, submerging almost a third of the country. It resulted in an estimated $14.9 billion in damages, $15.2 billion in GDP loss, and $16.3 billion in rehabilitation needs. Pakistan’s caretaker Finance Minister, Dr. Shamshad Akhtar, at Pakistan Climate Conference 2023, mentioned that Pakistan needs $340 billion over the next seven years to deal with climate change, with nearly $200 billion required for adaptation and $140 billion for mitigation efforts.

All this money should come from developed countries as climate finance. Nabeel Munir, the chief negotiator of the COP27, stated: “Loss and damage is not charity; it’s about climate justice.”

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), climate finance is the legal right of the climate-vulnerable countries. Paris Agreement is the important treaty of this Convention. Article 9(1) of the Paris Agreement states:

“Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties for both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.”

References:

  • Hussain, S., Raja, I. & Mehsud, M.I. (2020). Challenges to the Implementation of National Climate Change Policy of Pakistan. International Journal of Political Science and Development, 8(6), 199-208. DOI: 10.14662/IJPSD2020.125
  • IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • Lakahni, N. (2022). ‘We couldn’t fail them’: how Pakistan’s floods spurred fight at Cop for loss and damage fund. The Gaurdian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/20/loss-and-damage-pakistan-flooding-climate-justice-cop27
  • Mirza, A. M. (2020). Environmental rights and case of climate justice in Pakistan. Strategic Studies, 40(2), 45-62.
  • NCCP Report. (2021). Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental Coordination. https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policy/NCCP%20Report.pdf
  • Shakeel, A. (2023). A closer look: Pakistan’s climate strategy beyond conferences. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1799425
  • Framework for Implementation of Climate Change Policy (2014-2030). Government of Pakistan, Climate Change Division, Islamabad, Pakistan. http://www.gcisc.org.pk › Framework for Implementation of Climate Change

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Highly Anticipated Sci-Fi Movies Set to Release Soon

Syeda Laiba Tayyab
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Highly Anticipated Sci-Fi Movies Set to Release Soon

Science fiction enthusiasts are in for a treat with the upcoming lineup of films set to push the boundaries of imagination and technology. Here’s a glimpse into the most anticipated sci-fi movies that promise to mesmerize audiences worldwide.

28 Years Later

“28 Years Later,” set for release on June 20, 2025, explores the long-term consequences of the rage virus outbreak from “28 Days Later” and “28 Weeks Later.” The film, directed by Danny Boyle and co-written by Alex Garland, is expected to feature a significant time jump, focusing on humanity’s survival and societal changes in a world still affected by the virus. It may involve themes of unity against the infected and the complexities of carriers and non-carriers. This film is the first in a planned trilogy.

Watch at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10548174/

Transformer One

“Transformers One,” an upcoming animated film set for release on July 19, 2024, delves into the origins of Optimus Prime and Megatron, exploring how they went from close allies to bitter enemies. Directed by Josh Cooley, the film features a star-studded voice cast including Chris Hemsworth, Brian Tyree Henry, Scarlett Johansson, Keegan-Michael Key, Jon Hamm, and Laurence Fishburne. This movie, the first in a planned trilogy, aims to offer a fresh take on the Transformers saga, appealing to both longtime fans and newcomers alike.

Watch at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8864596/

Alien: Romulus

“Alien: Romulus,” directed by Fede Álvarez and set for release on August 16, 2024, is the seventh installment in the Alien franchise and serves as a standalone interquel between the original “Alien” (1979) and “Aliens” (1986). The story follows young space colonizers who explore the derelict space station Romulus in search of valuable technology, only to face a deadly fight for survival against the Xenomorphs. Combining horror and action, the film promises a suspenseful experience reminiscent of the franchise’s early entries.

sci-fi movies
“Alien: Romulus,” directed by Fede Álvarez and set for release on August 16, 2024

Watch at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18412256/

The Electric State

“The Electric State,” directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, is an upcoming sci-fi adventure film based on Simon Stålenhag’s graphic novel. It stars Millie Bobby Brown as Michelle, an orphaned teen traveling across the American West with a mysterious robot and an eccentric drifter, Keats, played by Chris Pratt, in search of her missing brother. The film, set in a futuristic America, features a star-studded cast including Ke Huy Quan, Stanley Tucci, Jason Alexander, Brian Cox, Jenny Slate, Giancarlo Esposito, Anthony Mackie, and Billy Bob Thornton.

With a budget of $300 million, it’s one of the most expensive films ever made. Filming began in October 2022 in Atlanta and wrapped in early 2023, with reshoots in early 2024. Alan Silvestri, known for his work on “Avengers: Infinity War” and “Endgame,” is composing the score. Scheduled for a 2024 release on Netflix, “The Electric State” is highly anticipated as a major sci-fi event.

Watch at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7766378/

Megalopolis

“Megalopolis” is an upcoming epic science fiction drama by Francis Ford Coppola is set to release in the US on September 27, 2024. Featuring an impressive ensemble cast including Adam Driver, Giancarlo Esposito, Nathalie Emmanuel, Aubrey Plaza, Shia LaBeouf and many more. The story is set in a reimagined modern America and follows visionary architect Cesar Catilina (Driver) as he faces off against the corrupt Mayor Franklyn Cicero (Esposito) over how to rebuild New Rome after a devastating disaster.

The film draws inspiration from historical figures involved in the Catilinarian conspiracy of 63 BC, including Catiline, Cicero, and Caesar, weaving their legacies into a contemporary narrative.

As we look forward to the release of these groundbreaking sci-fi films, one thing is certain: 2024 will be a year to remember for the fans of the sci-fi genre. Each movie promises to offer a unique blend of innovation, storytelling, and visual spectacle, setting new standards in cinematic excellence.

Watch at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10128846/

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The Power of Pacific— How ENSO is Shaping our World

Aly Gajani
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The Power of Pacific— How ENSO is Shaping our World

Aisha bursts into the classroom, eyes wide with excitement and worry. “Teacher, have you heard about the massive hurricane crossing the Atlantic? It’s supposed to be a monster!” The class erupts in a flurry of questions and concerns. The teacher, with a calm demeanor, begins to explain. “Yes, these powerful storms are indeed frightening. But did you know that there’s a larger, often unseen force that can influence where and how these storms form?”

This natural process is called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. It’s a complex interplay between the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere that can significantly impact weather patterns around the globe. From the most intense hurricanes to the longest-lasting droughts, ENSO can profoundly affect our lives. Let’s dig deeper into this oceanic phenomenon and discover its influence on our world.

The Ocean’s Thermostat

The ENSO is a natural climatic phenomenon that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean, the largest oceanic body on Earth. Sometimes the water is warmer than usual in one part, and sometimes it’s cooler. This changing temperature messes with the air above it, and that’s what causes changes in our weather. It has three distinct phases: El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral.

Under normal conditions, when there is neither El Niño nor La Niña, the trade winds (named for their important role in assisting ships with navigation and trade routes) remain stable and consistent over the Pacific Ocean. These winds blow from east to west across the equator, effectively pushing the warm surface layer of water from South America towards Southeast Asia and Australia.

El Niño (Spanish for “little boy”) happens when the eastern waters of the Pacific Ocean become abnormally warm. This warming causes the easterly winds to weaken, then permits warm water to gather in the east. As a result, there is a shift in both ocean temperature and wind patterns, which in turn impacts the atmospheric pressure and influences weather patterns worldwide. In general, countries in the west tend to experience drier conditions, whereas eastern areas like South America observe an increase in rainfall.

La Niña (Spanish for “little girl”) is the opposite of El Niño. The eastern Pacific Ocean experiences cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures. This cooling intensifies the easterly winds, pushing warm water westward. As warm water is displaced, cold water rises from the ocean depths to replace it. This cold water cools the air above, reducing cloud formation and rainfall in the central and eastern Pacific. Consequently, regions in the west, like Australia and Indonesia, often experience increased rainfall, while areas in the east might face drier conditions.

 

ENSO climate patterns
ENSO climate patterns

ENSO’s Impact on the Eastern Pacific

El Niño events have the effect of causing sea surface temperatures to rise above average in the eastern Pacific region. As a result, there is an increase in the levels of rainfall and a higher likelihood of more frequent and intense storms. Coastal areas, including California, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, as well as parts of Mexico and Central America, are particularly vulnerable to flooding, erosion, and landslides.

Major cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle may experience heavy rainfall and face a greater risk of mudslides. Additionally, the warmer ocean temperatures can contribute to the formation of stronger hurricanes in the Pacific, which can impact regions such as Hawaii and the Pacific coast of Mexico.

Conversely, La Niña conditions bring cooler sea surface temperatures to the Eastern Pacific. This typically results in drier conditions, increasing the risk of droughts, wildfires, and reduced agricultural yields. Regions like Southern California and parts of Mexico may experience water shortages and heatwaves.

ENSO also influences hurricane activity in the Atlantic. The likelihood of a North Atlantic hurricane making landfall in the Continental United States is greater when La Niña conditions are present due to wind shear being reduced. This means that the barrier that would normally inhibit the development of hurricanes is removed.

Unfortunately, this is not good news for people living in areas prone to hurricanes like Florida. In 2020, during the last La Niña event, the Atlantic Ocean experienced an unusually high number of 30 tropical storms and 14 hurricanes. Similarly, in 2021, there were 21 tropical storms and seven hurricanes.

Rainfall patterns
Rainfall patterns

Impacts of ENSO on the Western Pacific

The Western Pacific experiences contrasting weather patterns under ENSO’s influence compared to the Eastern Pacific.

El Niño often brings drier conditions to Australia and Indonesia, leading to droughts, wildfires, and reduced crop yields. However, parts of Southeast Asia may experience increased rainfall. In contrast, La Niña typically increases rainfall in the region, often resulting in floods and landslides in countries like Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Historical data underscores the severity of these impacts. The 2015-2016 El Niño caused a devastating drought in Ethiopia, affecting millions. The 1997-1998 El Niño led to global damages of £77 billion and triggered a deadly Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya.

During La Niña years, the movement of the subtropical ridge towards the west across the western Pacific Ocean increases the likelihood of tropical cyclones making landfall in China. In March 2008, the presence of La Niña caused a drop in sea surface temperatures by 2°C (3.6°F) in Southeast Asia. Consequently, this led to significant rainfall in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

Drought (Yunan) and flooding (Sichuan) in the southwest in 2010, China. Source: Li, Siyue. (2012)
Drought (Yunan) and flooding (Sichuan) in the southwest in 2010, China. Source: Li, Siyue. (2012)

Pakistan’s Weather Rollercoaster

Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to ENSO’s impacts due to its reliance on the Indian monsoon. El Niño weakens the monsoon, leading to droughts, reduced agricultural yields, and water scarcity. Conversely, La Niña intensifies the monsoon, increasing the risk of floods.

In Pakistan, the 1998 El Niño brought heavy snowfall followed by a four-year drought, while the 2009 El Niño preceded the devastating 2010 floods.

El Niño also contributes to rising temperatures, exacerbating heatwaves in Pakistan. This, combined with its potential to disrupt glacial melt in the Himalayas, impacts water availability, hydropower generation, and agriculture.

Understanding these complex relationships is crucial for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies in the region.

El Nino is associated with deficit monsoon precipitation across Pakistan and India. Source: Pak weather portal.
El Nino is associated with deficit monsoon precipitation across Pakistan and India. Source: Pak weather portal.

La Niña on the Horizon

Currently, the world is experiencing a neutral phase of the ENSO cycle. This means that neither El Niño nor La Niña conditions are present, and ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific are relatively normal.

However, experts predict a shift towards La Niña conditions soon. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has forecast a 70 percent chance of La Niña developing between now and October. While El Niño events tend to be shorter-lived, La Niña conditions can persist for two years or longer. The ENSO cycle typically oscillates between extreme phases every three to seven years, but the exact duration of each phase can vary.

ENSO and Climate Change

Since May 2024, the world has witnessed an unprecedented phenomenon of twelve consecutive months of record-breaking global temperatures. The ocean, which retains exceptionally high temperatures, is the primary contributor to this extraordinary warmth.

The recent El Niño event was strongest and significantly contributed to the record-breaking temperatures. While scientists are still investigating the exact relationship between climate change and ENSO, it is evident that the conditions are being amplified and becoming unpredictable. Close monitoring of these systems is crucial for understanding future climate patterns and developing effective adaptation strategies.

According to Prof Dr Jin-Yi Yue, weather phenomena happening in the 21st century differ from what was observed in the previous century. It’s as if the “Little Boy” is evolving. This could explain why weather models, which accurately predicted events such as the powerful El Nino in 1997/98, have struggled to do so in the 21st century.

 Conclusion:

The interplay between ENSO and climate change is reshaping our planet’s weather patterns in unprecedented ways. As we navigate this new era of climate extremes, it’s clear that understanding these complex interactions is paramount. While the challenges are massive, so are the opportunities for innovation and adaptation. We can build a more resilient future by investing in research, developing early warning systems, and implementing sustainable practices. Our choices today will determine the world we leave for generations to come.

References:

  1. “Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the hurricane season” – Climate.gov

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/impacts-el-nino-and-la-nina-hurricane-season

  1. “La Niña is coming. Here’s how it could change the weather.” – The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/07/11/la-nina-el-nino-weather-impacts-cooling/
  2. Doane‐Solomon, R., Befort, D. J., Camp, J., Hodges, K., & Weisheimer, A. (2024). The link between North Atlantic tropical cyclones and ENSO in seasonal forecasts. Atmospheric Science Letters, 25(1), e1190.
  3. “Exploring the Complexity of El Nino and its Effects on Rainfall in Pakistan” – Pakistan Weather Portal. https://pakistanweatherportal.com/2023/04/30/exploring-the-complexity-of-el-nino-and-its-effects-on-rainfall-in-pakistan/
  4. “2024 Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: Transition To La Niña” – Pole Star. https://www.polestarglobal.com/resources/2024-pacific-tropical-cyclone-outlook-transition-to-la-nina
  5. https://www.weather.gov/jan/el_nino_and_la_nina

More from the author: Cooling Karachi — Combating Urban Heat with Green Spaces

 

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