The childhood memories of 90s kids are incomplete without Doraemon, a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Fujiko F. Fujio. Even today, when kids watch this series, it stimulates their imaginations to consider the possibilities of the technologies depicted. Although it is often viewed as mere fantasy with some impossible technologies, suitable only for on-screen viewing, it still prompts the mind to ponder the potential for these advancements to become reality and how they could benefit life in the future.
The article aims to positively address the concept behind this series, thereby connecting it with real human experiences and its potential to motivate progress and growth.
Technological Advancements
The Doraemon series offers brilliant ideas for technological advancements. It depicts the possible expectations for future gadgets and their large-scale impact on human life. Doraemon introduces many useful gadgets from the 22nd century into the lives of Nobita and his friends, which help ease many complicated situations. These gadgets possess capabilities far beyond current technology, such as time travel, teleportation, and advanced artificial intelligence. The series presents a vision of incorporating technology into daily life, thereby solving complex problems.
Creative Thinking
The Doraemon series stimulates creative thinking with its concept of a pocket filled with a vast array of gadgets like the Anywhere Door and the Time Machine. It encourages viewers to think outside the box to create new possibilities in technology. The storytelling promotes thinking to handle different situations in life and deal with interpersonal relationships creatively.
The series motivates viewers to learn from their mistakes and grow out of challenging situations by utilizing their creative abilities. While many of Doraemon’s gadgets are fictional, they encourage children to think creatively about scientific innovations. The series is a source of inspiration for developing problem-solving skills innovatively and creatively.
Discouraging Misuse of Technology
The Doraemon series often addresses the setbacks associated with the misuse of technology. Nobita often misuses Doraemon’s gadgets to find a quicker and easier way out of the many challenges he faces. This directs viewers’ attention to the responsible use of gadgets by showing the consequences of their misuse. The gadgets are meant to make life easier, but their irresponsible use creates chaotic situations.
Doraemon is portrayed as a guide in the series for developing conscious use of technology—a double-edged sword with negative consequences such as physical harm, social drawbacks, and moral concerns. The series conveys strong messages about honesty, hard work, and independence in problem-solving.
Human and Robot Relationship
The Doraemon series portrays a flourishing and positive relationship between humans and robots through the connection shew between Doraemon and Nobita. It is a loyal bond focusing on friendship rather than the owner-servant concept that comes to mind when we think of robots. They both mutually depend on each other. Doraemon supports Nobita and gains emotional contentment in return.
Human-like emotions of robots are noticed throughout the series as Doraemon develops a meaningful relationship with Nobita, his friends, and his family. The series suggests a positive future for the coexistence of humans and robots, where robots can be seen as more than tools needed for certain tasks. Robots can impact human life positively if they are used ethically.
The Doraemon series portrays a flourishing and positive relationship between humans and robots through the connection shown between Doraemon and Nobita
Lessons of Positive Character Traits
If we keenly notice the story, then in every episode, we witness lessons of friendship, empathy, and problem-solving. The following are the different elements in the storyline of the Doraemon series:
Healthy Relationship
Doraemon, a robotic cat from the future, and Nobita, a young boy, share a healthy bond based on loyalty and support. The way Doraemon assists Nobita with daily challenges exemplifies the meaning of a true friend, forming the heart of this series. Their relationship is built on mutual respect, trust, honest communication, and a shared sense of togetherness. They depict that healthy relationships involve empathy, understanding, and the ability to navigate conflicts constructively.
Teamwork
In every episode, Nobita, Doraemon, Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo work together to solve problems, providing an excellent lesson in teamwork. The series teaches that clear communication and mutual support are key to overcoming challenges through cohesive efforts. As Helen Keller said: “Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much.”
Problem-Solving
Doraemon uses his fantasy gadgets to help his friends overcome numerous challenging situations, highlighting the importance of a support system and problem-solving as essentials in life. The strategies presented in the episodes for problem-solving include critical thinking, creativity, persistence, and collaboration. Learning from both successes and failures and the ability to evaluate and adapt strategies, are crucial for finding effective solutions to problems.
Conflict Resolution
The series teaches lessons on resolving disputes through effective communication and forgiveness. It promotes the value of friendships over conflicts and disagreements. The words of the Dalai Lama are penned down for a better understanding: “The best way to resolve any problem in the human world is for all sides to sit down and talk.”
Effective conflict resolution aims to find constructive ways out of conflicts, strengthen relationships, and prevent future disputes.
Encouragement
Nobita is always encouraged by Doraemon to be confident and courageous with a proactive approach. This highlights the role of friends in providing motivation and inspiration in life, offering support and help. As Zig Ziglar said: “Encouragement is the fuel on which hope runs.”
The series gives lessons on fostering a supportive environment so that all individuals may reach their full potential.
The series highlights the role of friends in providing motivation and inspiration in life, offering support and help
Shared Joy
Throughout the series, friends are seen spending quality time together, signifying that friendship is a source of creating healthy memories through shared activities. The series offers ideas for building memorable relationships by celebrating achievements and milestones, thereby, reinforcing friendship and camaraderie bonds. As per the words of Jane Austen: “Joy multiplies when it is shared among friends, but it diminishes when we keep it to ourselves.”
Moral Lessons
The series imparts lessons on friendship, empathy, honesty, kindness, emotional support, the importance of helping others and understanding others’ perspectives. Moreover, it explores the challenges of student life and family dynamics. It also addresses concerns about bullying and encourages forgiveness.
The series delves into the essence of friendship, demonstrating how friends support each other through life’s ups and downs. Empathy, crucial for valuable relationships, is a central theme that teaches viewers to understand and share the feelings of others. Honesty and kindness, which are core virtues, are highlighted for maintaining trust and fostering healthy connections.
The series underscores that being truthful and kind enhances one’s sense of integrity and self-worth. The series highlights the value of a listening ear, demonstrating how such support can make a difference in someone’s life. Helping others is emphasized as a key principle, often portrayed through acts of service. Understanding others’ perspectives is a recurring theme, encouraging open-mindedness and reducing conflicts.
The series depicts the challenges of student life, such as academic pressures, social dynamics, and personal growth. Family dynamics are also explored, enlightening the complexities of family relationships and the importance of communication and mutual respect.
Addressing the issue of bullying, the series encourages a proactive approach to creating a respectful environment for everyone in society. The theme of forgiveness is woven throughout, highlighting its power to heal relationships, foster personal growth, and promote letting go of grudges. This contributes to peace for both individuals and society.
In conclusion, the Doraemon series is not merely fantasy; rather, it touches human life in several ways. Besides providing insights into futuristic gadgets, it imparts moral lessons that truly shape a person’s approach to life. The series addresses the importance of a healthy human-robot relationship and the potential challenges associated with it.
Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity of constant innovation in technology for the betterment of lives, thereby leading to an enriched future.
People who are into sci-fi pop culture would have watched a popular cliché in this genre revolving around the arrival of an alien entity or a microorganism on Earth which has hitch-hiked with a returning team of astronauts. And what follows is panic, chaos, death, and eventually a last-ditch stand by humanity.
‘The Thing’ and ‘ The Andromeda Strain’ are two movies that classically fit the above description. This cliché pretty describes much how the internet has gone into a frenzy regarding a recent study published in Microbiome regarding the presence of 13 extensive drug-resistant strains of a bacterium called Acinetobacter bugandensis (already known for its resistance against antibiotics) on the international space station1.
The authors describe the isolation of strains of Acinetobacter bugandensis which are highly resistant to antibiotics, on board the ISS. Now this should be read after taking in a deep breath. Yes, the bacterium isolation already has a pedigree of being resistant to antibiotics on earth, however since the ISS has ongoing microbiological assessments and experiments going on all the time, these results were a part of the routine and regular assessment of flora aboard the ISS.
This assessment is done to ascertain how the bacterial flora adapts to space and whether it is a threat to the astronauts. However, it was concluded that the ‘Super Bug’ was not a threat to the astronauts on board the ISS nor was it an imminent threat to humanity.
Having said that astronauts and missions on return undergo heavy decontamination procedures and containment to prevent any intruder which has piggybacked to cause havoc on earth. The strains were found to have extensive changes in their genetic structure and function to make them resilient to the relentlessly harsh environment of space which is probably why they double up on their armament against anything that can threaten to kill them, yes, you thought that right, antibiotics.
Planet Earth among other threats also faces the grave threat of superbugs (antibiotic-resistant bacteria ), since the more we use antibiotics against them, the more they become resilient, and since we are not coming up with newer groups of antibiotics. Before talking about implications for the space industry, space exploration, and humanity it would be worthwhile to discuss briefly the hows and whys of microorganism resistance.
When the going gets tough, the tough get going!
We are reminded time and again as we pass through the years about endurance and forbearance in the face of calamity and odds. Citing that we would come out tougher and better equipped to face similar or even different situations in the future. Microorganisms especially bacteria (since we would be focusing primarily on them) follow the same principle of nature, the tougher the grind they pass through, the fiercer and more ravaging they become. In our search for life, as we know it, we have come across it in a place where one would least expect it.
Organisms that are found in places with conditions we consider extreme are referred to as extremophiles. These include but are not limited to salt beds, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and ocean depths2. These organisms resist the environmental extremities, be it extremely acidic or alkaline pH of water, extremely high pressure to extremes of temperature. They equip themselves with mechanisms at the genetic level to ensure their survival.
Doctors come across a plethora of infections caused by bacteria in their clinical practice. However, while those infections are treated effectively in many instances by appropriate practice, sometimes antibiotics are unduly prescribed, underdosed, or given for durations that are shorter than what would be appropriate for the infection.
Organisms that are found in places with conditions we consider extreme are referred to as extremophiles.
An interesting analogy would be in using a bazooka to take out an ant-sized target. This is when the target bacteria eventually acquire resistance against the medication, which is a global issue nowadays. Antibiotic stewardship is in place in institutions for this very reason, because, honestly, we are running short of options for bacteria that are resistant to most of our powerful antibiotics. This paints a bleak picture with the world already having faced a pandemic in recent times, we cannot afford another calamity of this proportion, at least in the foreseeable future.
Microbes in space
Space may be the final frontier for humans but calling it harsh, cold, and empty would be an understatement. It offers a myriad of factors that contribute to it being as relentless as it is. Space environments have parameters like altered gravity, vacuum, solar and UV radiation, and extremes of temperatures. And microorganism that beats these factors and bears through and eventually replicates would be considered an extremophile. Space environments include the interiors and exteriors of space stations, shuttles, and satellites.
The ISS for example harbors a diverse ecosystem of microbial flora3. This flora originates from the astronauts themselves plus since the equipment and its constituents originate from Earth, this also contributes to the diversity. And these bacteria eventually start colonizing the inner and outer surfaces of the ISS. As mentioned before, the extreme environmental conditions push the microorganisms into survival mode and they become resistant to these rigid conditions and thus thrive.
On the ISS for example, bacterial growth is found on the inside of vents, along cables and wiring which is constantly kept under check by the sweeping sanitizing measures carried out by astronauts. Since the barrage of adversity is persistent in space, the changes that these bacteria conjure up could lead them to become what we may call ‘Super Bugs’, which could be lethal for humans on the ISS and Earth.
Study of Microbes in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Space
Earth’s atmosphere extends up to 10,000 km above the surface. The atmosphere is divided into different layers according to temperature difference, composition, pressure, and density. The outermost layer which is almost beyond 600 km is the exosphere while the innermost is the troposphere. The layer above the troposphere is the stratosphere which extends from roughly 20 km above the surface to 50 km4.
Over the last century, numerous experiments have been conducted in the earth’s atmosphere namely in the stratosphere layer with balloons which meant to seek out the type of microbial life there and how it differed from what is present on the surface. Namely Louis Pasteur determined that the density of microbial life decreased with rising altitudes4.
A US-manned high-altitude balloon, explorer 2 was used to sample microorganisms (bacillus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium to name a few) from the stratosphere in 1935 and this was the first experiment of its kind5. Since then, numerous similar experiments have followed suit using balloons, rockets, and planes.
The key factors identified as stressors for microbes in the stratosphere were low temperatures and pressures, radiation, and inadequate nutrition5. The microorganisms found in these conditions were broadly fungi and spore-producing bacteria that survive these intense conditions however they are no threat to life on Earth.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is a term used for the area under 2000 km above the earth’s surface6 and comprises a host of stress factors for life including radiation, extreme temperatures, and vacuum and earth’s magnetosphere. Satellites, space shuttles, and stations (MIR and ISS) orbit in this region and have been used to perform experiments on microbial life to ascertain the effects of the stressors of LEO on them. Experiments have been conducted since the 1960s. Numerous projects have been set on the International Space Station by the European Space Agency (ESA) namely BIPAN and EXPOSE7,8.
The Japanese have set the TANPOPO experiment on the ISS-KIBO module of the ISS which is dedicated to astrobiology and the study of the effects of space on microbial life. In light of the experimental work on board the ISS, it can be considered a ‘ Microbial Observatory.’
However, since the conditions provided by space cannot be accessed all the time to study the effects of those stressors on microbial life, certain conditions are simulated in the laboratory conditions here on Earth. Those conditions may include and are not limited to microgravity, centrifuge, vacuum, and extremes of temperatures.
Considering the experiments conducted in LEO and ground-based lab work, the following are the findings and mechanisms whereby microbes become ‘Super.’
It has been seen that the metabolic production of bacteria (enzymes and other proteins) may increase or decrease in the stressors provided by space 9,10. Increased growth and proliferation11 of bacterial population along with increased virulence has been observed12. There is biofilm production in the flora above the ISS which protects the organism from the environment and ensures its growth13, this may be dangerous for the integrity of the infrastructure of the ISS as the flora may eat away at the cables and machinery.
There is an upregulation of genes that set up stress responses in bacteria. There is enhanced proliferation of bacteria in hypergravity (for example in shuttle reentry)14. Spores of the bacterium Bacillus subsites have been seen to survive radiation, vacuum, and microgravity15. These findings suggest that space makes microbes resilient and they prevail despite the odds.
This can potentially be of concern to Earth life since these toughened-up critters are battle-hardened and if they have survived the damning hostile environment of space, they could easily do away with what we throw at them if they break out on Earth. Luckily, we do not have evidence to date that shows that the ‘Microbial Apocalypse’ has happened or will happen soon, having said that this could change, and how we can keep averting it, will be covered in the ensuing discussion.
A US-manned high-altitude balloon, explorer 2 was used to sample microorganisms (bacillus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium to name a few) from the stratosphere in 1935. Credits: Wikimedia Commons
Planetary Protection & the Way Forward
Planetary protection is a protocol enforced and followed by NASA whereby policies are put in place that ensure measures to prevent the solar system bodies from being contaminated by terrestrial organisms and organic material carried by space programs. This stands to prevent any confounders in the search for extraterrestrial life.
The same protocol also ensures measures to prevent backward contamination of Earth and its biosphere by organisms/organic material carried back to Earth either as collected samples from other solar system bodies or through hitchhiking on returning space crafts16.
The Planetary Protection Department works with other space agencies to enforce the protocols during the construction of space crafts to ensure minimal terrestrial bacterial load and collaborates on plans for missions to other solar system bodies to protect other planetary bodies from contamination.
You might have come across documentaries of space crafts and the recently launched James Webb telescope being assembled. You might have noted that they have those HAZMAT suits on as they work on structures. This is to prevent the contamination of these deployed space-venturing structures by terrestrial microbial flora. These gigantic facilities are positive-pressure clean rooms whereby minimal microbial load is ensured.
In addition to this NASA used techniques such as DNA micro assays, bioinformatics, and spore assays17 to assess the microbial burden on surfaces and air in these rooms. It is worth mentioning that astronauts coming back from other planetary bodies are bound to be quarantined for a certain period before being allowed back into their routine lives.
The Apollo 11 astronauts also underwent the same quarantine procedures for 3 weeks. While we hear about the engineering and aerospace ingenuity of space missions, probes, and satellites all the time we seldom hear about this all-important aspect discussed hitherto.
Apparently, the space governing bodies have plans in place to prevent ‘forward’ and ‘backward’ contamination of planetary bodies. Coming back to the recently published study about a multi-drug resistant bacteria on the ISS. The thought of such bacterial strains causing disease on earth is nothing short of a world-ending nightmare, but one must consider a few points before jumping to a macabre conclusion.
Microbes grow tough in extreme conditions however it is not a given that they may remain as tough if their environment changes and are exposed to a different set of conditions. This could lead to a dwindling of the lethality factor for such microbes.
This could be an important aspect if, in the worst-case scenario, a highly mutated resistant bacterial strain coming from the ISS is set loose on Earth. However, The astronauts on the ISS are fine and coexisting with these strains of bacteria which is one of the reasons why there is no need to panic. Our bodies also undergo immense changes in space even at the genetic level, which could prove as a gain or loss in terms of protection against co-existing microbes.
The biggest challenges for humanity lie in the potential prospects of long-duration space ventures, e.g. to the moon, mars, and beyond. In these situations where humans face an uphill challenge to safeguard our biological sanctity from the harsh and unforgiving void of space, microbes will face the same if not fiercer challenges. Chances are, they will endure these long voyages with ease and may turn out to be a menace for long-voyage astronauts.
Upon touchdown, on other planets and planetary bodies, the worst we could do for life in the cosmos is to unleash an army of mutated microbes that have faced obstacles over long periods. This army of microbes could end up wiping out the Indigenous life as well as put our missions in jeopardy by infecting the colonizing humans and could confound our search for extraterrestrial life. We could be finding life on planets that we might have seeded by mistake.
Were we stand currently we have good measures in place to protect our beloved blue globe from otherworldly microbial invaders however we cannot say for sure how this will hold up in the future when we reach out into the solar system and beyond Coming to grips with how sturdy and resilient life is, from the microbial to the macro level, one does wonder if the ‘panspermia’ hypotheses could hold credence in contributing to spread of life throughout the cosmos.
Ongoing research aboard the ISS and in our lower atmosphere in parallel with the research of extremophiles on earth can lead us to in-depth answers as to how microbes survive and thrive in the most inhospitable of places, furthermore, techniques such as CRISPR applied in space microbiology could end up benefitting humans and microbes alike especially when there would have to no choice but to co-exist.
References:
Sengupta, P., Muthamilselvi Sivabalan, S., Singh, N.K. et al. Genomic, functional, and metabolic enhancements in multidrug-resistant Enterobacter bugandensis facilitating its persistence and succession in the International Space Station. Microbiome12, 62 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-024-01777-1
Checinska Sielaff, A., Urbaniak, C., Mohan, G.B.M. et al. Characterization of the total and viable bacterial and fungal communities associated with the International Space Station surfaces. Microbiome7, 50 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0666-x
DasSarma, P.; Antunes, A.; Simões, M.F.; DasSarma, S. Earth’s Stratosphere and Microbial Life. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.2020, 38, 197-244. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.038.197
“IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines”(PDF). INTER-AGENCY SPACE DEBRIS COORDINATION COMMITTEE: Issued by Steering Group and Working Group 4. September 2007. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018. Region A, Low Earth Orbit (or LEO) Region – spherical region that extends from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude (Z) of 2,000 km
Horneck G, Klaus DM, Mancinelli RL. Space microbiology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Mar;74(1):121-56. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00016-09. PMID: 20197502; PMCID: PMC2832349.
K. Olsson-Francis, N.K. Ramkissoon, M.C. Macey, V.K. Pearson, S.P. Schwenzer, D.N. Johnson, Simulating microbial processes in extraterrestrial, aqueous environments, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2020, 172, 105883, ISSN 0167-7012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105883.
Demain, A.L. and Fang, A. (2001), Secondary metabolism in simulated microgravity. Chem Record, 1: 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.1018
Huang, B., Li, DG., Huang, Y. et al. Effects of spaceflight and simulated microgravity on microbial growth and secondary metabolism. Military Med Res5, 18 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-018-0162-9
Mennigmann, H.D., Lange, M. Growth and differentiation of Bacillus subtilis under microgravity. Naturwissenschaften73, 415–417 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367283
Wilson JW, Ott CM, Höner zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Quick L, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Fernandez D, Richter E, Shah M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Hing S, Parra M, Dumars P, Norwood K, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles A, Goulart C, Rupert M, Stodieck L, Stafford P, Catella L, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Allen P, Baker-Coleman C, Hammond T, Vogel J, Nelson R, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Nickerson CA. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16299-304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707155104. Epub 2007 Sep 27. PMID: 17901201; PMCID: PMC2042201.
Vukanti, R., Model, M.A. & Leff, L.G. Effect of modeled reduced gravity conditions on bacterial morphology and physiology. BMC Microbiol12, 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-4
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The space industry, currently valued at around $630 billion, is projected to soar to $1.8 trillion by 2035. This growth not only brings technological advancements but is fuelling geopolitical conflicts among the most powerful nations. Along with this, it brings a multitude of challenges including orbital congestion, radio frequency spectrum allocation, and ethical considerations regarding equity, access to space resources, and a potential space race.
Currently, approximately 9,000+ active satellites are orbiting the Earth with a single company, SpaceX, owning a staggering 4,000 of them. This company’s plan to launch a constellation of 42,000 satellites further complicates matters, potentially leading to a space traffic jam situation.
This concentration of satellite ownership raises concerns about the equitable use of space resources as outlined in the Outer Space Treaty (OST), which states that space should be the province of all mankind. This gives rise to questions: Is space truly accessible to all? Or is it becoming the territory of a select few, reminiscent of colonial practices? The launch of these satellite constellations, while promising to provide global connectivity and other benefits, also raises questions about the fair distribution of space resources among nations.
Crowded orbits pose a significant threat of potential collisions. As more objects are placed in space, maintaining safe trajectories becomes increasingly challenging. Each satellite must carefully navigate its path to avoid colliding with others, and the risk of such collisions only grows as the number of orbiting objects increases.
This endangers current space missions and contributes to the creation of additional debris, perpetuating a cyclical process known as the Kessler Syndrome.
According to Sarah Scoles, a science journalist who writes for Codastory, “Creating more satellite infrastructure to enable more connections and capabilities on Earth could be precisely what threatens those connections and capabilities.” Contrary to constructing an extensive satellite infrastructure for improved connectivity and services, it’s paradoxical.
Adding to these concerns is the increasing pollution of outer space with debris that stays in orbit indefinitely. According to the Federation of American Scientists, there could be as many as 170 million fragments of debris currently orbiting the Earth, posing a significant threat to future space travel.
Starlink Mission. Credits: SpaceX
This debris, which includes defunct satellites, rocket stages, and fragments from past collisions, in low-Earth orbit presents challenges in tracking and managing these objects, which can impede upcoming space missions.
The good thing is that no two active spacecraft collided with each other putting us at ease due to the competence of space traffic management systems, yet! However, there’s a slight issue with that. The current US alert system is not capable of monitoring the space traffic for the whole world.
The director of Secure World Foundation, Victoria Samson claims the US alert system to be minimal and is nowhere near comprehensive enough to tackle all the traffic. She realizes the need for having more formal coordination and two-party discussions rather than 11th-hour chaos.
To understand the gravity of the situation let’s see a real-world example. In 2019, SpaceX’s one of the Starlink satellites had a 1 in a 1000 chance of colliding with the European Space Agency’s satellite. 29 warnings were issued to SpaceX, though, without any response. In the end, the European Space Agency changed the course of its satellite. Investigation revealed a bug in the SpaceX system at that time which was why they weren’t able to respond.
This incident further strengthens the claims made by Victoria Samson.
Why should we be concerned about this?
OST emphasizes that all space activities should benefit all of humanity. The advancements we enjoy today like GPS technology for location tracking and communication systems for air and sea travel, are made possible by satellites.
If something were to go wrong in space, the consequences could be dire. Just like we all know what happened on 19th July with the Windows-operated systems and Crowdstrike. These incidents show that events in space can affect our everyday lives, either directly or indirectly.
With the rise of commercialisation in space, private companies are now participating in exploration, previously dominated solely by government agencies. Drafted in the 1960s when space exploration was primarily scientific, OST now seems outdated and lacks clear regulations for private space companies and commercial activities in space.
Under the OST, if a private space company violates any laws, the home nation is held responsible. The problem is that the United Nations has no means of enforcing these laws. Consider a hypothetical example of a private space company from a powerful nation violating space laws. Given the UN’s historical struggles to enforce actions against superpowers, how would it stop or hold them accountable for any damages?
The asteroid mining industry, valued at over $900 million in 2022, is expected to reach $4 billion by 2030 and has the potential to inject trillions of dollars into the global economy. As Chad Anderson, founder of investment firm Space Capital, explains, “The space economy is much broader than just rockets and satellite hardware. It is the invisible backbone that powers our global economy.”
The problem is that whoever develops feasible technology first will likely monopolise the industry and its resources. Most likely the home country stands to benefit most from this technology, widening the inequality gap between those who have access to space resources and those who do not.
The OST helped ease tensions between the US and the Soviet Union, and it was hoped it could do the same for US-China relations. However, this hasn’t been the case. Like other superpower spacefaring nations, China’s space program is rooted in its military and ballistic missile program. In contrast, the US separated its space program from military jurisdiction with the formation of NASA in 1958. Nonetheless, the US remains suspicious that China’s civilian space program is merely a cover to enhance its military capabilities.
The US imposed strict sanctions on China on the sharing of information and components. Despite these restrictions, China’s space program continued to advance rapidly. Notable achievements include six domestic launch sites, successful lunar and Mars rover missions, a constellation of satellites for remote sensing and intelligence, their own permanently crewed space station Tiangong, and a roadmap for a lunar research station.
Whether this will be a competition or collaboration depends on how these two superpowers approach the issue. Either way, it will increase the pace of innovation in both countries. China has already achieved so much without cooperation and will keep moving forward with or without anyone’s help. Furthermore, history suggests that technological feats are achieved through collaboration.
A mockup of the Tiangong space station. Credits: Wikimedia Commons
John Logsdon, professor emeritus of George Washington University and former Space Policy Institute director, believes that competition and collaboration will have positive impacts. He notes that the space race got the US to the moon and collaboration with their sworn enemy, Russia, helped build the International Space Station along with 13 other nations. Logsdon rejects the notion of a race for domination and believes that competition can still help.
The major problem with collaboration is that the Chinese are not very transparent about their methods and ideas. The 14th head of NASA, Bill Nelson, claims he wants the US to cooperate with China in space, but secrecy and non-transparency are major hurdles. Nelson states, “The Chinese civilian space program is, in reality, their military space program. That’s why I think we are going into a space race with China.” He also believes, “Leadership in space is leadership transparently for all nations to join you.”
But is there a way to still collaborate? Nelson suggests that if they receive assurances from their counterparts about transparency, they are willing to consider it. There are ways around the Wolf Amendment, as it only restricts NASA and NASA-funded projects from being shared with the Chinese.
Scientific endeavors not funded by NASA can still collaborate. Moreover, the Wolf Amendment restricts bilateral relations, not multilateral ones. A collaboration of the US, Russia, and China can still work, but concerns about working with two authoritarian countries are significant.
Many experts believe that collaboration with China will pave the road to greater cosmic achievements. Because one way or another, China is going to continue advancing, and those who lag might lose their chance to be part of something greater. Jim Head, a planetary scientist, concludes, “The solar system is such a big place. If we’re all duplicating everything individually, that is just stupid. So collaboration, cooperation, coordination — I think that’s the way to go.”
Following the steps of superpowers, India is catching up on their space program. The success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which involved a soft landing of a robot on the moon’s South polar region, made India the 4th country to achieve this feat after the US, Russia, and China.
To further enhance their space sector, the Indian government has introduced new policies to allow private companies to participate and attract foreign direct investments. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened doors for collaboration with the private sector to improve the country’s space capabilities.
India planned to invest $3 billion to reduce its reliance on foreign satellites, with a focus on strengthening its military space program following tensions in the Ladakh region with China.
In response to China’s anti-satellite missile test in 2019, India established the Defence Space Agency and conducted its own anti-satellite weapon test, showcasing its growing dominance in orbit. Additionally, India aims to establish a navigation system comprising 26 satellites, with 7 already in orbit. To enhance communication capabilities for its military, India is aiming to send multiple communication satellites in the coming years.
Despite facing funding and resource constraints, India’s space program continues to ascend to new heights. M. Matheswaran, a retired Indian Air Force air marshal, believes that India will eventually close the gap with other leading spacefaring nations, but acknowledges that catching up with China’s current position will take time. However, the militarisation of India’s space programme raises concerns. The increasing focus on military applications in space may lead to an arms race in orbit, further complicating the already tense geopolitical landscape.
The ethical considerations surrounding space utilisation are complex and multifaceted. While the launch of satellite constellations aims to provide global connectivity and other benefits, it raises critical questions about the fair and sustainable use of space resources. The concentration of ownership and control over these assets by a few nations or private entities could lead to a new form of “space colonialism,” where the benefits of space are not shared equitably among all nations.
Additionally, the environmental impact of space debris and the potential for collisions raises questions about the responsibility of space-faring nations and companies to mitigate these risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of space activities.
At the end of the day, it is of utmost importance that any actions taken or laws made must ensure the inclusion of all stakeholders and must be done for the benefit of all mankind. Experts, policymakers, scientists, lawyers, and ethicists should sit together to discuss the best possible ways to ensure that space remains a province for all mankind.
In the bustling corridors of Pakistan’s hospitals, an unseen crisis is unfolding: medical errors. These errors represent a significant yet often underreported issue within the healthcare system. While Pakistan grapples with various health challenges, from infectious diseases to maternal mortality, the specter of medical errors adds another layer of complexity to the nation’s healthcare landscape. This silent but deadly epidemic not only jeopardizes patient safety but also erodes trust in the healthcare system.
Medical errors encompass a wide range of issues, including misdiagnosis, medication errors, surgical mistakes, and healthcare-associated infections. These errors, often preventable, can lead to severe consequences such as prolonged illness, additional medical complications, and even death. In Pakistan, the situation is particularly dire due to factors such as inadequate training of healthcare providers, poor healthcare infrastructure, and the lack of standardized protocols.
The Scope of the Problem
The true scale of medical errors in Pakistan remains largely underreported. However, smaller studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that thousands of patients suffer annually due to preventable mistakes. A study published in the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association highlighted that a significant number of surgeons had committed errors, but only a small percentage reported them, citing factors like work stress and fear of legal consequences. Despite recognizing the importance of reporting, many surgeons felt the current system was ineffective (Alam & Nasir, 2021).
The Human Toll
Nine-month-old Nashwa’s tragic death at Darul Sehat Hospital in Karachi in 2019 paints a harrowing picture. Nashwa died due to the administration of a lethal dose of potassium chloride, which was improperly delivered. This incident raises concerns about the training and competence of the medical staff involved. Nashwa’s grieving parents described her as a cheerful baby whose life was cut short by a preventable mistake. Unfortunately, her story is just one among many.
In another incident, reported by the Express Tribune in 2022, a pregnant woman died after allegedly being administered an expired dose of anesthesia during delivery. Two other pregnant women also became critically ill after receiving the same expired anesthesia and were transferred to the ICU. The hospital administration attempted to conceal the incident until the deceased woman’s relatives filed a complaint with the health ministry, leading to an inquiry.
Causes of Medical Errors
One major cause of medical errors in Pakistan is insufficient training and education. Many healthcare professionals receive inadequate training, particularly in crucial areas such as patient safety and error prevention. The medical education system often fails to emphasize these critical components, leaving practitioners ill-prepared to manage and mitigate errors effectively. This lack of proper training results in healthcare providers who may not fully understand the protocols necessary to avoid mistakes, leading to preventable errors in patient care.
One major cause of medical errors in Pakistan is insufficient training and education
Systemic issues within the healthcare infrastructure also play a significant role in the high incidence of medical errors. Overburdened hospitals, limited resources, and outdated medical equipment contribute to a challenging environment where errors are more likely to occur. The healthcare system, especially in rural areas, operates under severe constraints, making it difficult to consistently provide high-quality care. These systemic deficiencies create an environment where the risk of mistakes is elevated, and healthcare providers struggle to maintain safe practices.
Communication breakdowns among healthcare providers, as well as between providers and patients, are another critical factor contributing to medical errors. Misunderstandings, incomplete patient histories, and language barriers can all lead to critical mistakes. Effective communication is essential for ensuring that patient care is coordinated and accurate, but when communication fails, it can result in errors that have serious consequences for patient safety.
The lack of standardized protocols further exacerbates the problem of medical errors. Without consistent clinical guidelines, practices can vary widely between institutions and even among individual practitioners. This inconsistency leads to errors as healthcare providers may not follow the same procedures or standards, resulting in varied and often inadequate care. The absence of standardized protocols means that there is no uniform approach to treatment, increasing the likelihood of mistakes.
Cultural and social factors also play a significant role in the prevalence of medical errors. In Pakistani society, questioning authority figures, including doctors, is often discouraged. This cultural norm means that patients and junior staff may be reluctant to voice concerns or report errors. The reluctance to challenge or question medical decisions complicates efforts to identify and address mistakes. Without an environment that encourages open communication and accountability, errors go unreported and uncorrected, perpetuating the cycle of medical mistakes.
Impact on Patients and Healthcare Providers
The impact of medical errors on patients is profound. They can suffer from prolonged illness, additional medical complications, and, in severe cases, death. The psychological toll on patients and their families is immense, leading to a loss of trust in the healthcare system.
For healthcare providers, medical errors can lead to professional repercussions, including loss of licensure, legal actions, and emotional distress. The fear of punitive measures often deters healthcare workers from reporting errors, creating a vicious cycle where mistakes are not acknowledged or learned from, thereby perpetuating the problem.
Current Efforts and Potential Solutions
Addressing the issue of medical errors in Pakistan requires a multifaceted approach involving policy changes, educational reforms, and cultural shifts.
Policy and Regulation: Implementing robust policies that mandate the reporting and analysis of medical errors is crucial. Establishing a national database to track and study these errors can provide valuable insights into their causes and trends, facilitating targeted interventions.
Education and Training: Reforming medical education to include comprehensive training on patient safety and error prevention is essential. Continuous professional development programs focusing on these areas can help healthcare providers stay updated on best practices and new developments.
Improving Communication: Enhancing communication channels within healthcare teams and between providers and patients can reduce errors. This includes adopting electronic health records (EHR) systems to ensure accurate and complete patient information is readily accessible.
Standardized Protocols: Developing and implementing standardized clinical guidelines can ensure consistency in care. Regular audits and feedback mechanisms can help monitor adherence to these protocols.
Cultural Change: Promoting a culture of safety where healthcare providers are encouraged to report errors without fear of punishment is vital. This can be achieved through training programs, leadership initiatives, and supportive policies that focus on learning and improvement rather than blame.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. (2000) ‘To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System’, National Academies Press (US). doi: 10.17226/9728. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25077248/
Rahman, M., Awan, M.A., Awab, O., Khan, S.S., Ahmed, S. and Rashid, A. (2019) ‘Assessment of patient safety culture in Pakistani Hospitals: A Baseline study for the development of patient safety framework’, Rawal Medical Journal, 44(3), pp. 432-435. Available at: https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=24002
Rashid, Z., Khan, H.T., Rehman, F., Ahmad, S., Niazi, S. and Sarwar, M.Z. (2021) ‘Attitudes and practice of surgeons in reporting medical errors at a tertiary care hospital’, Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(3), pp. 1051-1054. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.427. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34057981/
A new joint study uncovers the remarkable potential of ultrafast lasers that could provide innovative solutions in 2D materials processing for several technology developers, such as high-speed photodetectors, flexible electronics, biohybrids, and next-generation solar cells.
The manipulation of 2D materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), is crucial for the advancement of next-generation electronic, photonic, quantum, and sensor technologies. These materials exhibit unique properties, including high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and tunable optical characteristics.
However, Traditional processing methods often lack the necessary precision and can cause thermal damage. This is where ultrafast laser processing comes into play, offering unprecedented control over the material properties at the nanoscale.
A new study by Aleksei Emelianov, Mika Pettersson from the University of Jyväskylä (Finland), and Ivan Bobrinetskiy from Biosense Institute (Serbia) explores the remarkable potential of ultrafast laser techniques in manipulating 2D layered materials and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures toward novel applications.
“Ultrafast laser processing has emerged as a versatile technique for modifying materials and introducing novel functionalities. Unlike continuous-wave and long-pulsed optical methods, ultrafast lasers offer a solution for thermal heating issues. The nonlinear interactions between ultrafast laser pulses and the atomic lattice of 2D materials substantially influence their chemical and physical properties,” tells Postdoctoral Researcher Aleksei Emelianov from the University of Jyväskylä.
Ultrafast light-matter interactions are being actively probed to study the unique optical properties of low-dimensional materials.
A new tool for altering the properties of 2D materials
The researchers describe progress made over the past decade and primarily focus on the transformative role of ultrafast laser pulses in maskless green technology, enabling subtractive and additive processes that unveil ways for advanced devices. It is feasible to achieve resolution down to several nanometers by utilizing the synergetic effect between the energy states within the atomic layers and ultrafast laser irradiation.
“Ultrafast light-matter interactions are being actively probed to study the unique optical properties of low-dimensional materials, says Aleksei Emelianov. In our research, we discovered that ultrafast laser processing has the potential to become a new technological tool for manipulating the properties of 2D materials,” said Aleksei.
Journal Reference:
Aleksei V. Emelianov, Mika Pettersson, Ivan I. Bobrinetskiy. Ultrafast Laser Processing of 2D Materials: Novel Routes to Advanced Devices. Advanced Materials, 2024; DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402907
A recent powerful solar storm has underscored the significant challenges radiation poses for future Mars colonists. While the dream of colonizing Mars captures the imagination, the reality of dealing with high radiation levels on the Red Planet presents one of the biggest hurdles to long-term human settlement.
Unlike Earth, Mars lacks a substantial magnetic field and a thick atmosphere, leaving its surface highly vulnerable to space radiation, particularly during heightened solar activity.
TheDangerofSolarStorms
Solar storms, which include solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), occur when the Sun releases vast amounts of charged particles into space. When reaching Mars, these particles can pose severe health risks to astronauts. On Earth, its magnetic field and atmosphere provide a protective shield, deflecting and absorbing much of this radiation.
However, Mars’s thin atmosphere and weak magnetic field mean that these charged particles can easily penetrate the surface, creating a hazardous environment for any potential colonists.
The Sun goes through an 11-year cycle of solar activity, known as the solar maximum, during which the frequency and intensity of solar storms increase. During these periods, the amount of radiation hitting Mars can rise dramatically, posing a critical challenge to the safety of astronauts living and working on the Martian surface.
The specks in the sequence of images in this video were caused by charged particles from a solar storm hitting one of the navigation cameras aboard NASA’s Curiosi NASA’ss rover. The mission uses the rover’s navigator’s smears to try capturing images of dust devils and wind gusts, like the gust seen here. (Credit: Space.com)
HealthRisksofRadiation
Radiation exposure on Mars can lead to a range of health problems, from acute radiation sickness to long-term issues like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. NASA’s CuriosiNASA’ser and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission have been instrumental in studying these radiation levels.
The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) aboard Curiosity has provided valuable data showing that high-energy particles from solar storms can reach the Martian surface. This information is crucial for developing effective protective measures for astronauts.
Radiation on Mars comes from two main sources: galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs). GCRs are high-energy particles originating from outside our solar system, while SEPs are associated with solar storms. Both types of radiation are dangerous, but solar storms can cause sudden spikes in radiation levels, making them particularly concerning for human missions.
InnovativeSolutionsforRadiationProtection
Addressing the radiation problem on Mars requires innovative solutions. One proposed method is to use Martian regolith, or soil, as a protective shield. By covering habitats with a thick layer of regolith, it’s possible to block a significant portion of the incoming radiation.
Another idea is to utilize natural features such as caves and lava tubes, which offer inherent protection against radiation. These underground structures could serve as ready-made shelters for astronauts, providing a safer environment with less exposure to harmful radiation.
In addition to these physical barriers, future missions might incorporate advanced technologies like magnetic shielding to create artificial magnetic fields around habitats. Research is also ongoing into developing pharmaceuticals that could help protect against or repair the damage caused by radiation.
A view of a solar flare blasting from the sun. (Image credit: NASA/SDO)
MonitoringandEarlyWarningSystems
NASA’s MAVEN plays a crucial role in monitoring solar activity and providing early warnings of incoming solar storms. By analyzing data from MAVEN and other spacecraft, scientists can predict when solar storms are likely to occur and how intense they will be.
This early warning system is vital for protecting both robotic missions and future human explorers on Mars. When a significant solar event is detected, mission control can take steps to safeguard astronauts and sensitive equipment, such as shutting down vulnerable systems or directing astronauts to take shelter.
The journey to Mars and the dream of establishing a human presence on the Red Planet are fraught with challenges, and radiation exposure is one of the most formidable. However, with continued research and innovative solutions, it is possible to mitigate these risks.
Understanding the behavior of solar storms and developing effective protective measures will be critical in making Mars colonization a reality. As we stand on the brink of this new era of exploration, addressing the radiation challenge will be essential for ensuring the safety and success of future Mars missions.
“The rewards for biotechnology are tremendous -to solve disease, eliminate poverty, age gracefully. It sounds so much cooler than Facebook”, says George M. Church, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019.1 The heart is a unique organ that has the innate potential to grow additional blood vessels (angiogenesis). Scientists are exploiting the heart’s ability to remodel itself for the treatment of chronic angina due to coronary artery disease.
Angiogenic gene therapy that employs alferminogene tadenovec, Ad5FGF-4— a replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5— that expresses human fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4), an angiogenic protein that enhances the formation of new blood vessels, thus improving reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.2
Biotechnology is the science of leveraging living organisms or their products for the welfare of humankind, while biomanufacturing is a type of biotechnology that employs biological systems to produce commercially important products. From promoting food and medicine production in the 19th century to the manipulation of genetic material and living tissues, these technologies have served humanity through top-notch innovations.
In this piece of writing we will look through the trailblazing advancements of biotechnology that are transforming our lives.
E-waste management
Electronic waste is one of the rising problems across the globe. With technological breakthroughs, electrical appliances have become an integral part of our lives. Their waste (the electronic apparatus that is deemed useless after the end of its life) poses significant health risks to humans and is detrimental to the environment.
Many upcycling technologies, including mechanical and chemical techniques, have been used, but environmentally and economically sound microbial technology is garnering global attention. Organic acids (e.g., citric, gluconic, oxalic, and malic acid) of microbial origin have been proven fruitful as chelating agents in the biohydrometallurgical process for extracting metals from disposed lithium-ion batteries.
A schematic illustrating e-waste management via biotechnological approaches [3]
According to a report, Aspergillus niger produced gluconic acid that has the potential to dissolve Li, Cu, Mn, Al, Ni, and Co. This biohydrometallurgical process holds immense promise for recovering metals from spent electronic devices as they contain up to 60 percent of metals and elements.4
Food Security
Population explosions, climate change, availability of arable lands and water crisis are undermining global food production and sustainability. Cell culture technologies such as animal cell culture (cultured meat), microbial cell culture (mycoprotein), and vegetable and fruit plant cell culture can minimize the use of arable land.
They also offer pathogens-free food, provide controlled production, and are geographically and seasonal independent. Moreover, animal cell culture does not hurt the sentiments of animal lovers, thus justifying its ethical grounds.
To meet the escalating demand for food supply, crop improvements such as photosynthetic efficiency, withstanding environmental stressors, and insect and herbicide resistance are being conducted to enhance yield using advanced plant breeding with marker-assisted selection (molecular breeding) and genetic modification. Molecular breeding uses DNA markers to reshape the genetic makeup of plants.5
“Agri-biotechnology…is one of the key forces to promote food security, social progress, and economic prosperity in the world.” – Hepeng Jia, Science Communicator, China.
The various techniques and tools for genetic engineering to acquire desirable traits in plants.
Bioeconomy
A bio-economy is defined as “an economy where the basic building blocks for materials, chemicals, and energy are derived from renewable biological resources.” 6 This notion is meant to attain a net zero-carbon society.
The transition from fossil-based to bio-based products (circular economy) and energy is crucial from climate change, food security, health, industry restructuring, and energy security perspectives. It hinges on biomass carbon (i.e., any biodegradable organic sources) as the building block.
A study finds the use of coconut juice residues (CJRs) as the feedstock to produce bacterial cellulose, which could be acetylated to synthesize bio-cellulose acetate (bio-CA) membranes.
These membranes could then be harnessed to separate CO2 from biogas produced during bio-waste anaerobic breakdown, yielding biomethane (CH4), a renewable fuel, and CO2. This captured CO2 can be used for microalgae cultivation which bedsides fulfilling food and feed requirements, it can also be used for biofuels, cosmetics, fertilizers and health supplements.7
Another pressing issue is burning crop residues that result in mounted air pollution levels, greenhouse gas emissions with a threat to public health, and a decline in organic matter in the soil. The conversion of crop residues to industrially sustainable products such as enzymes, biofuels, and soil additives, thereby contributing to the circular economy.8
“Bioeconomy pathways can yield many benefits for health, livelihoods, climate and resilience. But we must carefully design, evaluate, and implement policies and technologies to achieve these benefits and minimize trade-offs”, Andrew Haines, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Medical Biotechnology
The World health system is witnessing a paradigm shift in prophylactics, diagnostics, and therapeutics thanks to novel approaches to biotechnology and biomanufacturing. Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proving their worth in treating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, etc.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) based vaccines are substituting conventional vaccine methods to fight infectious diseases and cancers due to their high efficacy, capacity for rapid development, and safe route of administration [9]. Gene silencing using interference RNA to target the mRNAs of disease-associated genes has therapeutic activities.10
Gene therapy to supplant malfunctioning genes and genetic engineering tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are being utilized to combat hereditary diseases and mitigate antimicrobial resistance by knocking out resistance genes.
Genome sequencing techniques are applied to evaluate rare disorders, screen genetic abnormalities, to monitor emerging pathogens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a persuasive technique for detecting specific DNA sequences, gene mapping and discovering oncogenes responsible for any type of cancer.11
Bioremediation
Given the worsening environmental pollution levels owing to human activities, biotechnological interventions to degrade pollutants such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, agricultural wastes, nuclear waste, and plastics are groundbreaking.
Bioremediation refers to the use of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, or their enzymes to degrade these noxious compounds. Scale-up fermentation to obtain microbial biomass and enzymes for bioremediation techniques can help reduce or eliminate recalcitrant polymers and xenobiotic compounds.
Schematic representation of different bioremediation techniques
The potential of biotechnology and biomanufacturing can be harnessed to transform human health, improve food security and sustainability, secure our supply chains, and foster economies across the globe.
Discoveries of gene editing tools such as Crispr-Cas technologies help combat antimicrobial resistance by knocking out drug resistance genes, curing inheritable diseases that were hard to treat, and manipulating genes at early embryonic levels to acquire desirable characteristics.
Molecular typing methodologies have paced the diagnostics and therapeutics. Agricultural biotechnology can help mitigate climate change by covering crops and producing microbial enzymes that can draw excess atmospheric CO2. Genetically modified plants are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stressors.
Scale-up production of industrially important enzymes to help reduce pollution levels via bioremediation techniques. Bio-based economies are contributing to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As we unravel new horizons of technologies such as artificial intelligence, it can lead to significant breakthroughs in biological sciences.
Wikandari, R., Manikharda, Baldermann, S., Ningrum, A., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2021). Application of cell culture technology and genetic engineering for the production of future foods and crop improvement to strengthen food security. Bioengineered, 12(2), 11305–11330. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2003665
Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Porter, F. et al. mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17, 261–279 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.
Agrawal N, Dasaradhi PVN, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Bhatnagar RK, Mukherjee SK2003.RNA Interference: Biology, Mechanism, and Applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev67:.https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.657-685.2003
Shakoori, A.R. (2017). Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Its Applications. In: Bhat, T., Wani, A. (eds) Chromosome Structure and Aberrations. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3673-3_16
In the ongoing debate over environmental sustainability, population growth is often cited as a significant contributing factor to environmental degradation. However, the correlation between population and environmental pollution is not as straightforward as it might seem.
In fact, a growing population that is educated about environmental issues and practices minimalism could potentially contribute more positively to ecological sustainability than a smaller, less environmentally conscious population.
The assumption that a larger population inevitably leads to greater environmental harm stems from a simplified view of resource consumption and waste production. While more people can lead to increased resource demand, this does not necessarily translate into more pollution. The critical factor is how these people live and consume.
For instance, a single child in a household that prioritizes material wealth and consumption—marked by an abundance of toys, furniture, and clothing—can have a significantly larger environmental footprint than multiple children in a household that practices minimalism and environmental stewardship. This highlights that the number of people is less significant than their consumption patterns and lifestyle choices.
Environmental awareness plays a crucial role in determining the impact of a population on the environment. Educating individuals about the importance of sustainable practices can lead to a more environmentally friendly society, regardless of size.
When people understand the consequences of their actions on the environment, they are more likely to adopt behaviors that reduce pollution and conserve resources. Communities prioritizing recycling, energy efficiency, and sustainable consumption can significantly reduce their environmental footprint.
Such communities can flourish even with a larger population because the cumulative effect of their environmentally conscious behaviors outweighs the impact of their numbers.
Minimalism, the practice of living with less, directly combats the culture of overconsumption. Raising children with minimalist values instills a sense of environmental responsibility from a young age.
These children grow up understanding that their happiness and well-being are not dependent on accumulating material goods but rather on experiences, relationships, and a healthy environment. Minimalism reduces waste and conserves resources, which can mitigate the environmental impact of a growing population.
A family that practices minimalism avoids excessive consumption, which leads to environmental conservation. They might choose to buy fewer, high-quality items that last longer, reducing the demand for mass-produced goods that often come with significant environmental costs.
In the ongoing debate over environmental sustainability, population growth is often cited as a major contributing factor to environmental degradation.
Some individuals, particularly in developed countries, often point fingers at the populations of developing countries, blaming their higher birth rates for environmental problems.
These critics, who often portray themselves as champions of sustainability by having only one or two children, overlook the stark reality that the carbon footprint of individuals in developing countries is typically much lower than that of those in wealthier nations.
In developing countries, the so-called “unprivileged” populations often live more sustainably by necessity, consuming fewer resources and generating less waste. In contrast, those in developed countries with fewer children may still have a significant environmental impact due to their consumption patterns, striving to provide their children with every conceivable comfort and luxury without considering the associated carbon footprint.
Combining environmental education with minimalist practices offers a pathway to sustainable population growth. By raising environmentally conscious children who practice minimalism, society can ensure that a larger population does not equate to more significant environmental harm.
Instead, this approach can lead to a more sustainable and resilient society. Education systems can play a pivotal role by incorporating environmental studies into their curricula, teaching students about the impacts of their choices on the environment, and promoting sustainable practices. Communities can support these efforts by creating environments that encourage minimalism and sustainable living.
Moreover, policy interventions can support this cultural shift by incentivizing sustainable behaviors and reducing barriers to minimalism. For instance, policies that promote the sharing economy, support local and sustainable businesses, and encourage public transportation can all contribute to a more sustainable population.
The relationship between population growth and environmental pollution is complex and mediated by numerous factors, particularly the behaviors and lifestyles of individuals. By fostering environmental awareness and minimalist values, society can mitigate the environmental impact of a growing population.
Raising more children who are conscious of their environmental footprint and practice minimalism can ultimately lead to a healthier planet. Rather than viewing population growth as a threat to the environment, we should focus on how we can educate and inspire future generations to live sustainably.
Monroe, M. C. (2019). The role of environmental education in fostering sustainable behaviors. Frontiers in Education, 4, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00026
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
Ivanova, D., Barrett, J., Wiedenhofer, D., Macura, B., Callaghan, M., & Creutzig, F. (2020). Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options. Nature Climate Change, 10, 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0834-0
Sterling, S. (2020). Educating for the future: A vision for sustainability in education. Environmental Education Research, 26(6), 788-798. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2020.1863358
According to the studies conducted by Space biologists Joshua P. Vandenbrink and John Z. Kiss in the Department of Biology, University of Mississippi USA, they found it interesting to study plant physiology and development in a unique environment of microgravity where they found that plants can grow seed-to-seed in microgravity as well as identifying the responses to other stimuli like light.
Initially, the experiments were carried out with difficulty. Still, the investigations and studies later determined that the improved experiments should be designed to maximize the value and applicability of the results generated.8
Critical analysis of scientific theories has been beneficial because it sets the grounds for more reliable approaches, novel scientific methodologies, and techniques, setting up systematic and well-organized research solutions and pioneering ways to advance inventions.
The main goal of scrutinizing the scientific approaches is to enhance societal well-being. Scientific theory is not stagnant; it flows for improvement in one way or another until it becomes a unanimous solution.
As Paloto said,“Science is nothing but perception”. Ever since prehistoric scholars began documenting their observations and experimentation, their research has been challenged by their peers and descendants, generation after generation. For decades, knowledge meant the knowledge proven, either by intellectual commentary, sensical shreds of evidence, or by systematic counter.2
After the pandemic, a heated wave of debates sprang up over the use of vaccines. Based on the published research, some doubts were raised about specific vaccines in terms of their adverse side effects.
The Historical Chinese Perspective
History narrates some exciting twists in scientific evolution, mainly affected by social and cultural influences. Some societies, like Chinese and Indian culture, had solid affiliations with sacred elements, more of a metaphysical nature, and supernatural powers. So, they somehow denied the involvement of scientific principles and natural phenomena.
The attitude of Chinese society towards natural phenomena was quite different from that of European countries, mainly during the Renaissance period.
The Chinese were stubborn about separating material things from their sacred world. They had no evident conviction that people could dominate nature and have any influential role in natural occurrences.
Nor even were they interested in developing a scientific method for their observations, due to which their theories often remained divorced from experimentation (Hellemans & Bunch, 1988, p. 59)1
What Is Good About Critical Analysis?
The critical approach paves the way for continued research and makes it more beneficial. It provides solid grounds for the continuation of the process. Unlike any other discipline, which might not need analysis for its continuity, scientific methodology and study of nature involve constant assessment and evaluation.
The scientific method is interrogated at every step to redefine the procedures for repeated results unless it becomes a theory or a law.
The nature of critical studies in science depends upon the nature of the scientific discipline. For instance, history and sociology of science demonstrate the socially determined origins of scientific ideas and methodologies by critical analysts (Kuhn, 1970; Latour, 1987; Shapin, 1995; Thackray, 1995; Fine, 1996).
The analysts who evaluate the cultural aspects of scientific data are mostly related to the dimensions of the communities and cultures in which they live (Pickering, 1992; Rouse, 1993).
The case studies regarding how the critical viewpoints have expanded, improved, and navigated the discoveries and provided well-researched, durable, and reliable solutions to problems faced by humanity, for instance, drug designing, mechanical solutions, pathological testing for disease diagnosis, and other disciplines of scientific research.
Medicine, health, and science are ripe with disputes and debates. Throughout history, spirited replies and rebuttals have been written and accompanied by rejoinders, responses, and editorials, and helped clarify or rebut essential concepts.4
Humoral Immunity to Severe COVID-19
The expert pediatricians (Fanous et al. (2020)) claimed that the neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 have generally been assumed to be protective against COVID-19 but with limited durability.
Humoral immunity is the ability of B cells to bind to a specific antigen, against which it will trigger an antibody response. Many factors that lead to severe immunodeficiencies are characterized by life-threatening viral infections that determine the susceptibility to severe cases of COVID-19.
However, further research proved that these neutralizing antibody responses are not demonstrated to be protective against or susceptible to severe cases of COVID-19.7
Anaphylactic Reactions to Pfizer’s Vaccine
All vaccines, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, should meet the criteria of safety, effectiveness, durability, affordability, and availability requirements. According to the informative investigation by de Vrieze (2021) that reports:
“At least 12 people suffered an anaphylactic reaction after receiving Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine,” then how could the vaccine have been approved as safe, especially given the widely self-reported success rates claimed by Pfizer and BioNTech of around 95 percent in the news and social media reporting?
The investigations found the cause may be due to the compound polyethylene glycol (PEG) in their vaccine, which is also contained in the vaccine produced by Moderna.
Anaphylactic reactions are frequently caused by bee stings, eating peanuts, and some other varieties of tree nuts, so the compound polyethylene glycol (PEG) must have been known to cause similar reactions in vaccinated individuals, regardless of its previous use in vaccines.
As this was purportedly the first time the PEG compound was used in vaccine production, greater scrutiny should have been instigated and investigated in clinical laboratory trials before the vaccines were submitted for regulatory approval.
Since the second industrial revolution, the use of fossil fuels has skyrocketed, but it wasn’t until 1968 that the world learned about the adverse effects of climate change caused by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. The report presented to the American Petroleum Institute by Stanford Research Institute stated:
“If the Earth’s temperature increases significantly, several events might be expected to occur, including the melting of the Antarctic ice cap, a rise in sea levels, warming of the oceans, and an increase in photosynthesis.” (O. Milman, 2016)
Fossil fuels in transportation
The awareness around the topic grew, and the Firth Earth Day was observed in 1971. Since then, there have been several awareness campaigns and policy-making initiatives to promote the use of sustainable energy options such as solar power. But as the graph shows below, the highest contribution towards the use of fossil fuels is from the transportation sector.
Multiple alternatives like solar power, hydropower, and wind have gained popularity for electric power. However, because these methods require enormous setup, they failed to impact the transportation sector, including fuel for cars, trucks, ships, and aviation.
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Feeling the need to create sustainable transportation methods, battery-powered systems were invented. Although the first practical electric vehicle (EV) was created in the 1890s in America, petrol-powered vehicles were used mainly due to the rise of internal combustion engines.
The modern EVs emerged into the market with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997. With continuous research and development, the 2000s marked the revival of EV cars, battery-powered or hybrid systems (EVBox, 2023).
Since then, electric vehicles have gained massive popularity and now account for every 1 in 7 cars sold globally. All major automobile manufacturers like Tesla, Nissan, Mercedes, and BMW grabbed the opportunity and introduced new and better designs for cars and trucks.
In 2022, a net-zero, fully battery-powered cargo ship was introduced by the name of Yara Birkeland, which is 80 meters long and can carry a little over 100 containers. The first all-electric aircraft, Alice, also took its first flight in September 2022, created by the company Eviation.
Furthermore, tons of research is still being carried forward to improve battery systems to have higher capacity, lower maintenance, and lower costs.
Limitations of EV technology
Although international government bodies are endorsing the use of EV transportation, major concerns need to be addressed regarding this technology.
EV cars have a limited battery range. The latest Tesla Model 3 is advertised as having a battery range of 341 miles, which may differ depending on the driver. However, a petrol-fueled car can easily drive 300-400 miles in a full tank, and a diesel car may drive up to 700 miles.
The infrastructure around charging stations for EV cars is also underdeveloped. In many countries, including Pakistan, that is a significant hindrance for the masses not to buy complete EVs. Furthermore, charging times at these stations are also quite long. Fully charging an EV car can take up to 30-40 minutes, while a petrol or diesel-fueled vehicle can be refueled in 5 mins (S. Samarasinghe, 2024).
The biggest disconcertment with EV transportation is the manufacturing of batteries that use minerals like Nickel, Magnesium, Cobalt, Lithium, and Graphite, emitting huge amounts of greenhouse gases during mining.
This makes the production of these batteries have a more significant amount of carbon footprint compared to the production of internal combustion engines, i.e., petrol or diesel engines (Tallodi, 2022).
The Green Fuel Solution: Hydrogen
Due to technical and environmental issues in the EV sector, the automotive and aviation industry has started looking for zero-emission solutions like hydrogen. Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas that can be used in internal combustion engines like diesel and petrol. It will only produce water vapors as waste.
However, combustion hydrogen engines will not be utterly emission-free because they create excess heat that generates nitrogen oxides, which are harmful greenhouse gases. Combustion is also not a very efficient process due to the loss of energy as heat (J. Nebergall, 2022).
Another alternative way of using hydrogen as a fuel is using Hydrogen Fuel Cells. In these fuel cells, hydrogen and oxygen are supplied at pressure, and an electrochemical process occurs across a membrane, creating electricity.
This process also generates water vapors like hydrogen combustion engines. The electricity produced can be used to drive motors like in an EV, and this transportation system is called a hydrogen-electric powertrain (Sopp+Sopp, 2015).
A lot of research and development is going on about hydrogen fuel cells in the automotive and avionics industries. The first widely available car based on hydrogen fuel cells is the Toyota Mirai, launched in 2014.
Along with Toyota, Hyundai and Honda have also launched cars based on hydrogen fuel cells, and recently, BMW and Audi have displayed their concept cars, iX5 Hydrogen and Q5 FCEV, respectively, which are also based on similar technology.
Regarding global climate change, the aviation industry is also a significant contributor to the cause. Several efforts have been made to reach zero-emission aviation engines. In that pursuit, multiple aviation companies are also working on enhancing the hydrogen-electric power trains that are used for aircraft.
In fact, H2FLY, ZeroAvia, and Universal Hydrogen have successfully flown manned flights with hydrogen-electric power trains.
A deeper dive into Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Hydrogen fuel cell technology is still in the early stages of development and requires great engineering efforts to make it a good quality industrial product. The schematic diagram below demonstrates the basic workings of the PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell.
A PEM fuel cell. Credit: University of Strathclyde.
Hydrogen on the anode side splits into proton and electron; the proton goes through the membrane and combines with oxygen on the cathode side to create water, while the electrons gather up on the anode side, creating a potential difference between the cathode and anode. Multiple cells are assembled to create a fuel cell stack (University of Strathclyde).
Bipolar Plate Assemblies in PEMFC. Credit: EnnoviFuel Cell Stack by EH group. Credit: Hyfindr
The fuel cell stack design is highly complicated, mainly because of the Bipolar plates (BPPs). These plates are designed to meet the requirements for an efficient electrochemical reaction across the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA).
MEAs are sandwiched between BBPs, which ensures the correct quantity and pressure of gases to be fed to either side of the MEA. It simultaneously maintains enough contact for efficient electron transfer. Depending on the sealing method used, the BPPs should also be able to bear enough stress to support the compression required for the stacks to be leak-tight.
Furthermore, these MEAs used are damped in strong acid, which can easily corrode metal plates. So, another layer of protective coating needs to be applied to save the BPPs from corrosion. The plates are generally made from thin sheets of metal, which are created using press forming. This is also a complicated process because of the complicated design of the BPPs.
Apart from BPPs and MEAs, the temperature management system, water emission system, and pressure and mass flow regulation are also quite challenging. There are two types of Hydrogen fuel cell systems: Low-Temperature PEM fuel cells (LTPEM) and High-Temperature PEM fuel cells (HTPEM).
As the name suggests, with a water-based cooling system, the LTPEM system operates at lower temperatures, averaging around 80 degrees C. HTPEM operates at higher temperatures of around 180 degrees C with an air-based cooling system.
HTPEM systems are still in the prototyping stages but have shown better results compared to LTPEM, especially with high energy requirements like in a truck or an aircraft. HTPEM stacks are air-cooled, significantly reducing the overall system’s total weight.
As this technology is still emerging, it faces many challenges in making it widely available. The most common concern around hydrogen is safety because it is highly flammable, so its storage and the system need to be extremely safe for public use.
Secondly, the extraction of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water requires a lot of energy, which increases the price of hydrogen that can be used as fuel. The MEAs use precious metals like platinum and iridium as catalysts, which also add up to the overall cost.
Along with a lot of investment to build this technology and its infrastructure, an intensive regulatory framework is also required to convince government bodies that this technology is greener, more efficient, and safer to use (TWI).
The future of hydrogen-electric powertrains seems promising as many companies worldwide are investing vast amounts of money into this technology, and policymakers are providing guidelines and incentives to the companies to pursue this dream of the Net-Zero Emission energy system. Therefore, according to Forbes magazine, green hydrogen will become the 21st-century version of oil.
References
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