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Tales of Women Pioneers in Astronomy: From Aprons to Space

Aly Gajani
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Tales of Women Pioneers in Astronomy: From Aprons to Space

Astronomy, like many fields of science, has historically been male-dominated. From the ancient stargazers of Greece to the renowned astronomers of the Renaissance, women were often relegated to the periphery and denied the opportunities to explore the cosmos. This was not due to a lack of talent or interest among women but rather the systematic barriers they faced in accessing education and pursuing scientific careers.

Before 1900, women interested in studying the stars needed a male relative (father, brother, or husband) to gain access. Even well into the 20th century, despite their significant intellectual abilities, women astronomers faced barriers preventing them from seizing opportunities. This was the reality faced by women who wanted to pursue a career in astronomy.

They were often excluded from educational opportunities, denied funding for their research, and passed over for promotions. Despite these challenges, many women persevered and made significant contributions to astronomy.

Maria Mitchell was one of the earliest women to break through these barriers. Her father encouraged her love of astronomy and helped her to build her own telescope. Mitchell made her first astronomical discovery in 1847 when she spotted a new comet, which made her an international celebrity.

The culture in astronomy and science, in general, has evolved since then. There has been a growing awareness to promote gender equality and inclusion in science. This movement has increased the number of women studying astronomy and a greater recognition of their contributions to the field.

Ekta Patel, a Miller postdoctoral fellow at UC Berkeley who studies satellite galaxies, says, “We don’t want to change ourselves to fit the mould.” Lia Medeiros, an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, agrees, “I enjoy being a girl. I’m going to be a girl all over their physics. This is my world, too.”

Let us embark on a journey as we appreciate the outstanding achievements of women astronomers who shattered gender norms, leaving an indelible mark on our comprehension of the cosmos.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Eventually, Cecilia became the first woman chair of the astronomy department at Harvard.
Eventually, Cecilia became the first woman chair of the astronomy department at Harvard.

She was starting with the inspiring story of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, an American astrophysicist who proposed that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. In 1925, with her thesis entitled “Stellar Atmospheres,” she became the first to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College of Harvard University. Her claims were contrary to prevailing beliefs, so her doctoral thesis was not taken well.

In those times, male astronomers dominated at the highest level; as a result, Payne-Gaposchkin faced a long struggle to gain recognition. She taught several astronomy courses, but her contribution went unlisted in the course catalogues, and they paid her as much as a technical assistant. Despite gender bias affecting her career, she remained persistent.

A few years after her Ph. D., independent researchers verified her research on the composition of stars. Eventually, Cecilia became the first woman chair of the astronomy department at Harvard. Even today, her thesis stands as the cornerstone of astrophysics textbooks, and her lifelong inspirational contributions continue to motivate generations of women to follow.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt

Henrietta Leavitt established the basis for measuring distances in the universe.
Henrietta Leavitt established the basis for measuring distances in the universe.

Like Cecilia, Henrietta Leavitt worked as a ‘computer’ at the Harvard College Observatory to analyze the enormous volume of data the observatory collected. Women were hired as they accepted lower wages. Even college-educated women were paid like unskilled workers, at 25 to 50 cents an hour.

Battling all the gender discrimination, Leavitt went on to discover the properties of Cepheid variable stars that gave astronomers the first ‘standard candle’ to work with, a means to measure the distance to faraway galaxies. Today, as we map the night sky in extensive sky surveys, Henrietta Leavitt established the basis for measuring distances in the universe.

“I am proud of the work that I have done at NASA. I believe that I have made a real difference in astronomy. I hope my work will inspire other women to pursue careers in science.”

Nancy Grace Roman— The Mother of Hubble

She earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Chicago in 1949, breaking barriers as one of the few women in her cohort.
She earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Chicago in 1949, breaking barriers as one of the few women in her cohort.

Nancy Grace Roman was a visionary leader who paved the way for the Hubble telescope and beyond. Born on May 16, 1925, in Nashville, Tennessee, Nancy Grace Roman’s fascination with the night sky began at an early age. Encouraged by her parents, she pursued her love for astronomy and mathematics. Roman’s journey in a male-dominated field was marked by resilience and brilliance. She earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Chicago in 1949, breaking barriers as one of the few women in her cohort.

In 1959, Roman joined NASA as the first chief of astronomy, where she played a vital role in the planning and development of the Hubble Space Telescope. In her own words, in an interview, she said, “I am proud of the work that I have done at NASA. I believe that I have made a real difference in astronomy. I hope my work will inspire other women to pursue careers in science.”

Katherine Johnson

Her career began in 1953 when she joined NASA, where she was a "computer" at Langley Research Center "when the computer wore a skirt," Katherine once said.
Her career began in 1953 when she joined NASA, where she was a “computer” at Langley Research Center “when the computer wore a skirt,” Katherine once said.

In the chronicles of space exploration, the name Katherine Johnson shines like a brilliant star. Her remarkable contributions to NASA, particularly during the Apollo program, remain an inspiring testament to the power of intellect, perseverance, and breaking down racial and gender barriers. Her career began in 1953 when she joined NASA, where she was a “computer” at Langley Research Center “when the computer wore a skirt,” Katherine once said.

She was involved in calculating trajectories for numerous space missions, most notably for John Glenn’s historic orbit of the Earth in 1962. Her precise calculations were crucial in ensuring Glenn’s safe return. Yet, her most monumental role was in the Apollo program, where her brilliance and expertise in plotting the spacecraft’s trajectory provided the safe arrival of the first human Moon landing.

Katherine Johnson’s contributions did not go unnoticed. Over the years, her groundbreaking work received the recognition it deserved. In 2015, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honour, by President Barack Obama.

Vera C. Rubin

She received several profound awards, including the National Medal of Science and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
She received several profound awards, including the National Medal of Science and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Vera Rubin stands as an iconic figure in the world of astrophysics. She led the revolutionary research, which offered the initial direct proof of the presence of Dark Matter, the enigmatic substance constituting most of the universe yet emitting neither energy nor light.

Unfortunately, all women astronomers in those times—those earning doctorates between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s—had the same stories of gender discrimination. Rubin’s early contributions were met with scepticism from her fellow colleagues in the field, to the extent that she was advised to stay away from science. She kept going anyway by telling herself she was just different from other people.

Ultimately, like many women astronomers, she gained recognition only through her significant contributions to the field. Her groundbreaking work on the rotation curves of galaxies played a crucial role in our understanding of galaxy formation and modern cosmology.

She received several profound awards, including the National Medal of Science and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. Indeed, her contributions to science serve as a beacon of inspiration, especially for women, to pursue careers in astrophysics.

“The fact that I was a graduate student and a woman, together, demoted my standing in receiving a Nobel Prize.”

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

"Women should not have to do all of the adapting."
“Women should not have to do all of the adapting.”

As part of her doctoral research at Cambridge University, Jocelyn Burnell was responsible for operating a radio telescope with her adviser, Antony Hewish, and Sir Martin Ryle, where they observed strange pulsating signals coming from space. After careful investigation, she and her colleagues determined that these radio signals were emitted by a rapidly rotating neutron star, which became known as a pulsar.

Burnell was the second author of the paper announcing the discovery of pulsars, but she was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, which was jointly awarded to Hewish and Ryle in 1974. In later years, she finally said, “The fact that I was a graduate student and a woman, together, demoted my standing in receiving a Nobel Prize.”

Ekta Patel, a Miller postdoctoral fellow at UC Berkeley who studies satellite galaxies, says, “We don’t want to change ourselves to fit the mould.”

Despite this setback, Burnell continued her pioneering work in astrophysics and has received numerous awards and honours for her contributions to astronomy. She was named the first female president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. She has been a strong advocate for women in science as well. 2018, she was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, worth three million dollars (£2.3 million). She donated all the money to fund women’s scholarships and under-represented ethnic minority and refugee students to become physics researchers.

She inspires scientists and aspiring researchers worldwide, reminding us that groundbreaking discoveries can come from anyone, regardless of their background or gender. Her own words, “Women should not have to do all of the adapting. It is time for society to move towards women, not women towards society,” conveys a profound source of inspiration.

Andrea Ghez

Among the other four female Nobel Laureates in physics, Ghez is the only astronomer.
Among the other four female Nobel Laureates in physics, Ghez is the only astronomer.

Andrea Ghez’s journey in astrophysics began at a young age, inspired by her father’s love for astronomy. She pursued her passion by obtaining her Bachelor’s degree in Physics from MIT and eventually a Ph.D. in Astronomy from Princeton University. Ghez’s most notable contributions evolve around the study of black holes, particularly at the centre of our Milky Way galaxy.

Through years of meticulous observations and data analysis, Ghez and her team were able to provide compelling evidence for the existence of Sagittarius A*, a supermassive Black Hole at our galactic centre. It was a commendable work that led to her recognition within the community. In 2020, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing the honour with Roger Penrose and Reinhard Genzel. Among the other four female Nobel Laureates in physics, Ghez is the only astronomer.

This implies that the remarkable accomplishments of these women, and many others, transformed the narrative around astronomy to incorporate “women” as an integral part, essentially merging “women” with “astronomy”.

The same spirit of scientific discovery is still alive today, as proven by scientists such as Sara Seager, who has been recognized as one of the most influential figures in modern astronomy by the Times, Popular Science, and Nature. In addition, the admirable work by Katherine Bouman in developing an algorithm for imaging black holes has been groundbreaking.

At the same time, Nergis Mavalvala, an astrophysicist of Pakistani origin, played a crucial role in detecting gravitational waves and currently holds the position of Dean at MIT’s School of Science.

These are just a few examples of the many scientists today who are pushing the boundaries of cultural norms and revolutionizing the field. Their stories inspire all who dream of pursuing a career in science. Even though we are seeing a positive trend in women involved in STEM, they often encounter a lack of appreciation and recognition, uncertain career pathways, and harassment.

Recognizing these challenges, the astronomy community has launched initiatives to honour women in STEM. Organizations like the International Astronomical Union and the American Astronomical Society have created committees promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion.

Additionally, various awards like the Annie Jump Cannon Award in astronomy, the Women in Space Science Award from the Women’s Board of the Adler Planetarium, and the Maria Mitchell Women in Science Award recognize and celebrate the accomplishments of women in the field.

These stories are inspiring and remind us that with passion and determination, anything is possible. They also highlight the ongoing journey towards gender equality in science. We can keep moving towards a future where everyone has a chance to reach their goals. We should celebrate the achievements of women astronomers and encourage more women to join the field. It is a reminder that the sky is for everyone, regardless of gender.

References:

  • Hughes, A. M. (2014). The 2013 CSWA Demographics Survey: Portrait of a Generation of Women in Astronomy. STATUS: A Report on Women in Astronomy, January 2014, 1-9.
  • Dickmann, N. (2017). Women scientists in astronomy and space. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP.
  • Finkbeiner, A. (2022). Women Are Creating a New Culture for Astronomy. Scientific American. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0422-32
  • Stevens, S. (2021). 10 Female Astronomers Everyone Should Know. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/female-astronomers-everyone-should-know-4864074
  • Green, K. (2023, June 6). Journey to the stars: the personal stories of women in astronomy – Physics World. Physics World. https://physicsworld.com/a/journey-to-the-stars-the-personal-stories-of-women-in-astronomy/
  • Rubin, V. C. (2011). An interesting voyage. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 49, 1-28.

Also, Read: Review: ‘Hidden Figures

The Anthropologist- A fresh take on Cultural changes due to environmental degradation

Syeda Laiba Tayyab
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The Anthropologist- A fresh take on Cultural changes due to environmental degradation

“The Anthropologist,” a critically acclaimed documentary that offers a fresh viewpoint on the subject narrated by two female anthropologists. Released in June 2016, the documentary was directed by Daniel A. Miller, Seth Kramer, and Jeremy Newberger.

The documentary follows environmental Anthropologist Susie Crate and her teen daughter Katie as they travel the world doing fieldwork, with Mary Catherine Bateson with context and running commentary on her mother’s work and the role of the Anthropologist. The film is brightly colored, moves fast, and revolves around Susie and Katie’s journey from Virginia to Siberia, Kiribati, and Peru to investigate how climate change and culture interact. 

The Anthropologist is a profoundly human portrayal of a single mother who is a scientist and has a teenage daughter who grows while traveling to the world’s most remote places and faces the challenges of choosing a career path. It may have been overtaken by history, as is sometimes the case with documentaries, but it beautifully portrays the consequences of climate change worldwide, including in non-Western cultures.

The Anthropologist is a deeply human portrayal of a single mother field who is a scientist and her teenage daughter, and as they travel the world’s most remote places to research the consequences of climate change
The Anthropologist is a profoundly human portrayal of a single mother field who is a scientist and her teenage daughter. They travel to the world’s most remote places to research the consequences of climate change.

During the film, Katie develops from an eye-rolling 14-year-old to a thoughtful first-year college student. She travels to a Siberian town built on rapidly melting permafrost with her mother. She boards a boat to Kiribati, a small Pacific Island nation where rising oceans have engulfed communities and coconut fields. In the Peruvian Andes, where she witnesses firsthand what’s left of glaciers that have retreated up the mountains, she experiences altitude sickness.

In Kiribati, there were several new characters like a farmer who, due to environmental changes, can no longer grow the puma’s claw potato; a woman who struggles to educate Kiribati people about climate change and their options as the sea level rises.

Katie Crate is stern, delightful, and watchful—a natural anthropologist who observes her professional anthropological mother while interviewing local people, assisting them with their everyday tasks, and rejoicing with them during social events in the usual participant-observation approach.

Despite dealing with such undeniably severe issues, the documentary doesn’t seem heavy loaded with jargon or complex ideas. The film’s lightness and openness may be its most valuable feature. The documentary does not frighten you with facts; instead, it connects at a personal level.

Several documentaries and movies have attempted to depict the severity, complexity, and truth of global warming. The majority of these films try to describe climate change in its fullness, frightening or shocking audiences with the magnitude of the problem. They have action-movie-style compositions and generally include powerful sequences of hurricanes, demolishing houses, and glaciers smashing into the sea. This documentary is a light take on cultural changes due to the eminent global warming.

The Anthropologist isn’t, in the end, a feature on how to deal with climate change. It’s also not meant to persuade us that climate change exists or instill urgency in our minds. It engages audiences with fascinating real-life stories about how climate change affects humans on the planet. By the ending, the audience is not startled when the daughter attends college and follows in her mother’s footsteps. It teaches us that we should believe, like her, that gathering and conveying the stories of people whose lives and cultures are being altered by climate change is critical.

Also Read: DEEPWATER HORIZON – A TRUE LIFE CATASTROPHE

Nepal’s Scientist Dr Dhimal Honors as International Science Council Fellow

Gobinda Parasad Pokharel
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Nepal’s Scientist Dr Dhimal Honors as International Science Council Fellow

In recognition of his contributions to environmental health and climate change research, Dr. Meghnath Dhimal, a Nepali scientist, has been appointed as one of the esteemed fellows of the International Science Council (ISC). The ISC, a global organization dedicated to advancing science as a global public good, selected Dr. Dhimal as part of a cohort of 100 outstanding scientists worldwide.

Dhimal's expertise is in environmental health, focusing on the critical relationship between climate change and health.
Dhimal’s expertise is in the critical relationship between climate change and health. PHOTO Dr Dhimal

Dr Dhimal’s appointment as an ISC Fellow is the highest honor upon an individual by the council, underscoring his significant impact on promoting science for the betterment of society. He has been working for over two decades in research and policy development related to environmental health, climate change, and their intersection with public well-being.

Currently serving as the Chief Research Officer at the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Dr Dhimal has played a pivotal role in advancing scientific understanding in Nepal, Maldives, Timor-Leste, and Germany, where he served as a guest scientist. His expertise lies in environmental health, focusing on the critical relationship between climate change and health.

‘With the SDGs seriously off-track mid-way through Agenda 2030 and the world facing multiple existential threats, the collective efforts of the ISC Fellows and Members to see science used for the global good have never been more important,’ ISC mentioned in its press release.

Dr Dhimal has led many research projects on environmental and climate change, non-communicable diseases, neglected tropical diseases, and health systems research in Nepal. He has also contributed to drafting policies and plans in Nepal’s health, population, and environment sectors and internationally.

Recognizing his outstanding achievements, Dr Dhimal has received several awards, including the “Young Scientists Award of the Year 2015” by the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), the “Outstanding Health Research Award 2018” from NHRC, and the “National Science, Technology, and Innovation Award of Health Sector 2022” from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Government of Nepal.

With over 300 technical reports and research articles published in international, peer-reviewed journals, Dr. Dhimal’s impact reaches far and wide. His collaborative efforts with various international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, UNDP, and others, have further solidified his role as a leading figure in the global scientific community.

Read more: Environment Conservation Journalism Award Nepal goes to Scientia’s contributor Gobinda

The Carbon Footprint of Large Language Models: Unmasking the Environmental Impact

Mohsin Iqbal
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The Carbon Footprint of Large Language Models: Unmasking the Environmental Impact

‍The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-3 and BLOOM, has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence (AI). These powerful models can potentially automate and enhance various aspects of human endeavour. However, there is a pressing concern regarding the environmental impact of these models. The training and operation of LLMs rely heavily on vast computational resources, resulting in a substantial carbon footprint.

In this article, we will delve into the implications of the growing carbon emissions associated with LLMs and explore strategies to mitigate their environmental impact.

The Hidden Emissions of Language Giants

The evolution of LLMs has been nothing short of meteoric. From the realms of GPT-3, boasting 175 billion parameters, to the behemoths of GPT-4 and beyond, the complexity and capabilities of these models have soared. However, with great power comes an equally significant energy demand. The training and operation of LLMS are intrinsically tied to vast computational resources, which, in turn, are powered by electricity – a commodity predominantly generated from fossil fuels.

The development and deployment of LLMs have led to a surge in energy consumption. The training process alone can emit a significant amount of carbon dioxide. For instance, Hugging Face’s BLOOM model emitted 25 metric tons of CO2 during training, and when considering the entire lifecycle, this figure doubled to 50 metric tons.

These emissions are comparable to the carbon footprint of approximately 60 flights between London and New York. It is important to note that the emissions vary depending on the energy grid used for training, with regions reliant on fossil fuels exhibiting higher pollution levels.

Google’s large language model, PaLM, accentuates the scale of the issue. With a whopping 540 billion parameters, PaLM necessitates tens of thousands of advanced high-performance chips for its training and operation, each contributing to the burgeoning carbon emissions associated with LLMs.

Hugging Face’s BLOOM model emitted 25 metric tons of CO2 during training, and when considering the entire lifecycle, this figure doubled to 50 metric tons.

The Underbelly of Innovation

The carbon emissions associated with LLMs extend beyond their operational phase. The manufacturing of the hardware required to support these models, the maintenance of data centres, and the disposal of electronic waste all contribute to their environmental impact.

Additionally, the post-training operation of LLMs continues to demand significant energy, resulting in ongoing emissions. For example, BLOOM emitted approximately 19 kilograms of CO2 daily post-launch, equivalent to the emissions generated by driving around 54 miles in an average new car.

The development and deployment of LLMs have led to a surge in energy consumption.

Towards Greener Synapses

Efforts to address the carbon footprint of LLMs are gaining traction within the tech community. Several strategies have emerged to mitigate the environmental impact of these language giants:

1. Renewable Energy Procurement

One approach to sustainability in AI is demand-side interventions, specifically load shifting. By rescheduling the demand for electricity to align with renewable energy availability, the carbon emissions associated with LLMs can be significantly reduced. Procuring renewable energy for training LLMs can result in emissions reductions of up to 40% compared to relying solely on fossil fuel-based grids. Load shifting is particularly feasible for non-latency-bound AI technologies like ML training, as compute resources can be distributed across different regions without affecting system performance.

2. Energy Tracking

To optimize energy consumption, it is crucial to track and monitor the energy usage of LLMs during both training and operation. By accurately measuring the power draw of GPUs and CPUs used for hosting computing, it becomes possible to determine the actual energy consumption. This information is vital for decision-making regarding load shifting and migration to more energy-efficient data centres. However, precise quantification of CO2 emissions remains challenging due to limited reporting of the necessary information, such as data centre details, hardware specifications, and energy mix.

3. Load Shifting Large Language Models

Demonstrating the feasibility of load shifting for LLMs is crucial to promote sustainable AI practices. Real-world use cases, such as the load shifting of BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), have been implemented and evaluated. By automatically moving the compute load for training LLMs across different data centres based on the availability of renewable energy, carbon emissions can be effectively reduced. Using saved model checkpoints ensures continuity and functionality throughout the load-shifting process.

Conclusion

The carbon emissions resulting from the development and deployment of LLMs pose significant environmental challenges. The energy consumption associated with training and operating these models demands urgent attention. However, there are viable strategies to mitigate the carbon footprint of LLMs.

By leveraging renewable energy, implementing load-shifting techniques, and tracking energy usage, it is possible to reduce the environmental impact of LLMs while maintaining their functionality and performance. As the prevalence of large language models continues to grow, it is imperative to prioritize sustainable AI practices to ensure a greener future for this transformative technology.

References

  •  D. Amodei and D. Hernandez, “AI and Compute,” Available at link https://openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/
  • D. Patterson, “Carbon emissions and large neural network training,” Available at link https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.10350
  • R. Schwartz, “Green AI,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 54-63, 2020.
  • A. Lasse, “Carbontracker: Tracking and predicting the carbon footprint of training deep learning models,” Available at link https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03035
  • K. Hao, “Training a single AI model can emit as much carbon as five cars in their lifetimes,” MIT Technology Review, June 6, 2019.
  • M. H. Page, “We’re getting a better idea of AI’s true carbon footprint,” MIT Technology Review, 2022.
  • P. Dhar, “The carbon impact of artificial intelligence,” Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 423-425, 2020.

Also, Read Countering climate change with the condemned cow

Is electrical energy an alternative to more carbon footprints?

Muhammad Kashif Raza
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Is electrical energy an alternative to more carbon footprints?

The entire greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that a person, business, event, or product is responsible for, directly and indirectly, are called their “carbon footprint.”  The total emissions attributable to the creation of raw materials, manufacture, usage, and end-of-life are combined to determine it. GHGs, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), each having a different capacity to trap heat in the atmosphere, may be released during the lifespan or lifecycle of a product. The global warming potential (GWP) of each gas, measured in units of mass of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), accounts for these discrepancies. [1].

Emissions of Carbon Footprints on a Domestic Scale

Most of our houses’ carbon footprint comes from heating and cooling systems. These gadgets are frequently powered by electricity, and the energy-producing method determines how much carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. For instance, compared to energy produced from renewable sources like solar or wind power, electricity generated from coal creates a lot more carbon dioxide.

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) to lessen transportation-related carbon emissions is growing in popularity. However, the carbon impact of EVs still depends on the electrical source used to charge them. When electric vehicles (EVs) are charged using coal-generated power, their carbon footprint is more than when they are charged using renewable energy sources.

The world’s leading energy source is fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. However, they also contribute significantly to the annual emissions of CO2 into our atmosphere, amounting to billions of tonnes. Fossil fuels leave some of the most significant carbon footprints. Oil emits 970 grams of carbon dioxide per kWh generated, coal 820 grams, and natural gas 490 grams on a life-cycle basis. They are considered dirty energy since they directly contribute to climate change and have several detrimental environmental repercussions.[2].

Eighteen thousand terawatt-hours of energy are produced by electrical power yearly, accounting for around 40% of all energy people use. It produces more than ten gigatons of carbon dioxide annually, the most significant sectoral contribution to outputs from fossil fuels. However, various technologies, including solar, wind, nuclear, and geothermal, may provide energy without releasing any net emissions of carbon from fuel combustion.[3].

Does Electricity Produce Carbon Dioxide Emissions?

Not all Electrical Energy is produced using energy sources that are renewable and clean. In real terms, consuming fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil contributes much of the world’s electrical power. Currently, sources that release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) account for 63.3 per cent of the world’s energy consumption. Burning fossil fuels produces electricity by rotating turbines or generators, which use heat to produce power. In 2021, the US generated 38 per cent of its energy from natural gas, 22 per cent from coal, and 1 per cent or less from other petroleum products.[4]. 

The production of electricity globally often involves the combustion of fossil fuels, primarily coal, oil, and natural gas shown in the figure accordingly, it results in the creation of CO2.
The production of electricity globally often involves the combustion of fossil fuels, primarily coal, oil, and natural gas, shown in the figure accordingly; it results in the creation of CO2

Heat and Electrical Energy production accounts for more global CO emissions than other industries. The heat and electricity combined caused 15.59 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2018. In context, the automobile industry produced 8.26 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in the same year, making it the second-highest emitter. 

The combustion of coal is the main contributor to over 90 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions from the production of energy worldwide. Worldwide, coal continues to be the principal fuel used to generate energy. 37 per cent of the power produced worldwide in 2019 came from coal combustion.

How can we calculate carbon emissions from electricity consumption?

Since there are many different ways to generate power, it can be challenging to determine the worldwide emissions associated with electricity use. For instance, the US employs both clean and renewable energy sources, such as geothermal, wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power, alongside fossil fuels like natural gas, coal, and oil.

Kilowatt-hours (kWh) are used to quantify power use, and agencies such as the U.S. Energy and Information Administration (EIA) estimate the amount of carbon dioxide released from each kWh.   

  

On a life-cycle basis, green energy's carbon footprint ranges from 12 to 48 grams of CO2 equivalent per kWh (gCO2/KWh) of electricity produced; here is a complete description of the carbon footprint of certain energy types). [5]
On a life-cycle basis, green energy’s carbon footprint ranges from 12 to 48 grams of CO2 equivalent per kWh (gCO2/KWh) of electricity produced; here is a complete description of the carbon footprint of certain energy types). [5]

How can we reduce the carbon footprint emissions?

Improving efficiency is the most straightforward approach to reducing the carbon generated during power production. However, these benefits have their boundaries, and there’s the well-known problem that increased efficiency might result in increased consumption.

 Therefore, switching to carbon-free power sources is a necessary part of the global response to climate change. This calls for a reexamination of carbon pricing as well as, in certain situations, the development of new technologies, transmission networks, and intelligent grids. Above all, though, larger-scale carbon-free generation from diverse sources is required to meet the world’s growing energy needs.

Carbon capturing and storage: Refusing to discharge CO2 from fossil fuels into the atmosphere is one option to giving them up. Using carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, CO2 is extracted from exhaust gases and stored underground. The method might cut carbon emissions from power plants by 80–90 per cent, but that amount could decrease to as low as 67 per cent when life-cycle considerations are taken into account.[6]

Conclusion

As a more sustainable and environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels, now the world’s primary energy source and a significant cause of greenhouse gas emissions, electrical energy has enormous promise. The article emphasises how carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and energy storage solutions may help with the problems of using renewable energy sources and lowering carbon footprints. 

The article’s conclusion emphasises the need for people to support energy efficiency initiatives, invest in CCS technology, and hasten the adoption of renewable energy sources. It inspires people to make little, everyday adjustments to help achieve future carbon neutrality.

References:

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How Carbon Footprint Impacts Mental Health

Sadaf Sarfraz
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How Carbon Footprint Impacts Mental Health

The influence of climate change on health systems is a significant concern. It has the potential to undermine decades of progress in public health and disrupt the delivery of high-quality care. The increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves, flooding, and storms, as well as the emergence of new infectious diseases, pose a threat to the health of individuals and communities worldwide. 

The healthcare sector, responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, has a crucial role in mitigating the effects of climate change. By reducing emissions, healthcare providers can contribute to global efforts to combat climate change and improve patient care, staff satisfaction, and cost savings[1]. 

In addition to preventing the initial health impacts of climate change, mitigation efforts can also lead to co-benefits such as cleaner air, increased physical activity, and more nutritious diets, which can improve overall well-being. These co-benefits can help offset the costs of mitigation interventions, making them a more attractive option for healthcare providers.

Discovering the impact of our carbon footprint can lead to feelings of guilt and shame about our past and current environmental behaviours.

What is Carbon Footprinting?

Carbon footprinting measures the total greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, produced directly and indirectly by individuals, organizations, or activities. This measurement aims to assess the environmental impact of our actions and consumption patterns. It considers factors such as energy use, transportation, waste generation, and lifestyle choices that contribute to carbon emissions[2].

Mental Health and Carbon Footprinting

The relationship between carbon footprinting and mental health is an evolving and increasingly significant topic. As we become more conscious of our impact on the environment and the global climate crisis, we also need to understand how this heightened awareness can affect our mental well-being.

Eco-anxiety and Stress

Eco-anxiety, or climate anxiety, is a growing concern. It is the manifestation of anxiety stemming from worries about environmental degradation and climate change. As we grapple with the alarming realities of global warming, individuals may experience heightened stress, sleep disturbances, and overall emotional distress. This anxiety is fueled by the knowledge that our actions, including our carbon footprint, have contributed to this crisis[3]. 

As former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon noted, “Climate change is the single greatest threat to a sustainable future, but, at the same time, addressing the climate challenge presents a golden opportunity to promote prosperity, security, and a brighter future for all.”

mental health
The urgency of addressing climate change, coupled with the myriad ways our actions impact the environment, can lead to feelings of stress and being overwhelmed.

Guilt and Shame

Discovering the impact of our carbon footprint can lead to feelings of guilt and shame about our past and current environmental behaviours. These emotions can result in self-blame, contributing to depression and anxiety. The environmentalist Margaret Mead captured this sentiment well when she said, “We won’t have a society if we destroy the environment.”

Eco-grief

Eco-grief is a specific form of grief linked to the loss and destruction of natural environments and biodiversity. Those deeply concerned about their carbon footprint may experience grief over the state of the planet and the potential loss of ecosystems and species. As environmental activist Jamie Anderson said, “Grief is just love with no place to go.” This grief can be emotionally draining and lead to mental health issues.

Social Isolation

Attempts to reduce the carbon footprint can sometimes result in feelings of isolation. It is not uncommon for individuals to feel alienated from friends or family who don’t share their environmental concerns or are not making similar efforts to reduce their carbon footprint[4]. In the words of Lady Bird Johnson, “The environment is where we all meet, where we all have a mutual interest; it is the one thing all of us share.”

Overwhelm

The complexity of understanding and mitigating carbon footprint can be overwhelming. The urgency of addressing climate change, coupled with the myriad ways our actions impact the environment, can lead to feelings of stress and being overwhelmed[5]. Naturalist John Muir eloquently stated, 

“When we tug at a single thing in nature, we find it attached to the rest of the world.”

Inaction Paralysis

When confronted with the enormity of the climate crisis, some individuals may become paralysed by inaction. They may feel that their individual efforts would not make a difference, leading to a sense of hopelessness and contributing to mental health issues. Yet, as an unknown source reminds us,

“When you realize the impact of your carbon footprint, it can be overwhelming, but it’s essential to remember that small actions by many people can lead to significant change.”

It is essential to recognize that while carbon footprinting can have adverse effects on mental health, it can also serve as a source of motivation for some individuals. Taking meaningful action to reduce carbon footprint and being part of the solution to environmental problems can provide a sense of purpose and improve mental well-being. 

To address these mental health challenges, individuals can consider seeking support from mental health professionals who can help them cope with eco-anxiety, guilt, and other emotional responses to climate-related concerns. Additionally, engaging in support networks and community organizations focused on environmental issues can provide a sense of belonging and empowerment, which can counteract some of the negative mental health impacts of carbon footprinting.

References:

  • Hanmin, D. et al., Do carbon emissions impact the health of residents? Considering China’s industrialization and urbanization. Science of The Total Environment, 2021. 758: p. 143688.
  • Selin, N. Eckley (2023, September 25). carbon footprint. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint.
  • Steven, T., Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2020. 76: p. 102313.
  • Xu, R., et al., Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020. 383(22): p. 2173-2181.
  • Julie, D., Kate, and W. Philip, Does biodiversity improve mental health in urban settings? Medical Hypotheses, 2011. 76(6): p. 877-880.

Also, Read: Impacts of Carbon Footprints on the Water Cycle of Earth

Practical Tips and Strategies to Reduce Carbon Footprints in Daily Life

Malaika Awan
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Practical Tips and Strategies to Reduce Carbon Footprints in Daily Life

“Our planet is at a crossroads, and our decisions today will shape the world our children inherit. Carbon footprints are at the heart of this dilemma, as they are a primary driver of climate change.“

Every Step Counts: Unveiling the Secrets of Your Carbon Footprint

In a world grappling with environmental challenges, it’s crucial to understand the carbon footprints we leave behind. Your carbon footprint is the sum of all greenhouse gas emissions directly or indirectly associated with your activities. From your morning commute to your shopping choices, every action contributes to it. 

The carbon footprint (the greenhouse gas footprint) compares the overall quantity of greenhouse gases emitted by an activity, product, firm, or nation. Carbon footprints are often presented in tons of CO2- equivalent emissions per unit of comparison, such as per year, person, kg protein, km driven, and so on. 

The carbon footprint of a product comprises emissions over the whole life cycle, from manufacture through the supply chain to final use and disposal. The term “carbon footprint” is often quantified as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions per unit of comparison. It encompasses the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from various economic activities, events, organizations, services, and more.

Imagine our daily life as a series of interconnected threads, each leaving its mark on the environment. The energy we consume, the transportation we use, the food we eat, and even the products we buy all weave together to form this intricate tapestry of emissions. 

With the proper knowledge and a commitment to sustainable living, we can unravel this carbon web and reduce our impact on the Earth’s climate. Small changes in our daily routine can lead to substantial reductions in our carbon footprint. It’s not about sacrificing our lifestyle but about making informed choices that benefit us and the environment.

Greening Our Footprints: Why It’s a Matter of Survival?

Our planet is at a crossroads, and our decisions today will shape the world our children inherit. Carbon footprints are at the heart of this dilemma, as they are a primary driver of climate change. 

Reducing our carbon footprints isn’t just an eco-friendly trend; it’s a matter of environmental sustainability and, ultimately, the survival of our planet. Picture a world where the effects of climate change, driven by soaring carbon emissions, have gone unchecked. 

More extreme weather events, rising sea levels, dwindling resources, and ecological disruptions would become the norm. The consequences would extend far beyond melting glaciers and scorching temperatures. It would affect everything we hold dear: our homes, our health, our communities, and the biodiversity that makes our planet rich and diverse. 

But here’s the glimmer of hope: each of us possesses the power to alter this trajectory. By recognizing the significance of our carbon footprints and taking proactive steps to reduce them, we can contribute to a collective effort that could change the course of history. The choices we make in our daily lives ripple outward, influencing industries, policies, and global efforts to combat climate change. 

It’s crucial to understand that reducing our carbon footprints isn’t just about being environmentally responsible; it’s about safeguarding the future for generations to come. Our actions today will determine whether our children inherit a planet on the brink of catastrophe or one where sustainable living is the norm.

More extreme weather events, rising sea levels, dwindling resources, and ecological disruptions would become the norm.
More extreme weather events, rising sea levels, dwindling resources, and ecological disruptions would become the norm.

From Carbon-heavy to Carbon-light: Your Blueprint for Sustainable Living:

Everyday activities play a substantial role in contributing to carbon emissions, which in turn accelerate climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for transportation, heating, and electricity generation is a significant source of carbon emissions. Additionally, the production and transportation of food, especially when it involves long supply chains, contribute to carbon emissions. 

Furthermore, waste generation and its decomposition in landfills produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The use of energy-intensive consumer goods and the extraction of natural resources also play their part in carbon emissions.

The significance of individual actions in mitigating climate change cannot be emphasized enough. As per findings, over 70% of worldwide carbon emissions are attributable to the choices made by individuals, ranging from their energy consumption habits to their preferences in transportation. 

Every endeavour to curtail carbon emissions at the individual level, whether through the adoption of energy-efficient practices, waste reduction, the selection of sustainable transportation modes, or the conscious choice of environmentally friendly foods, contributes to a collective reduction in emissions. 

These personal actions wield a dual impact: they directly decrease emissions while simultaneously conveying a potent message to industries, governments, and society at large, spurring broader systemic changes essential for a sustainable future. 

Thus, individual actions play a pivotal role in the global battle against climate change, showcasing the capacity of individuals to enact positive change on a worldwide scale.

From choosing sustainable transportation options to reducing energy consumption, we hold the power to shape a greener, more sustainable future.

Practical Tips and Strategies in Reducing Carbon Footprint in Daily Life: Paving the Way to a Greener Tomorrow

This series of articles aims to empower you with practical tips and innovative strategies to make sustainable living an attainable reality. By exploring various facets of daily life, we’ll guide you on a journey towards a more environmentally conscious existence, demonstrating that each choice you make holds the power to drive positive change and contribute to a greener, more sustainable world. So, let’s embark on this transformative path, where small actions lead to significant impacts and where a sustainable future is within reach for all.

  • Promoting Public Transportation and Carpooling

One of the most effective ways to reduce carbon emissions from personal travel is by promoting public transportation and carpooling. By sharing rides or opting for buses, subways, or trains, individuals can significantly decrease their carbon footprint. 

This not only eases traffic congestion but also contributes to cleaner air and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Imagine a future where fewer cars clog the streets, thanks to a collective commitment to sustainable commuting options.

  • Emphasizing the Benefits of Walking, Cycling, and Electric Vehicles:

Walking and cycling, besides promoting healthier lifestyles, are eco-friendly transportation choices. They produce no emissions and serve as excellent options for short-distance travel. 

Moreover, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular, offering a clean and energy-efficient means of transportation. Thanks to advancements in EV technology and the expansion of charging infrastructure, EVs are becoming more accessible and affordable for those who prioritize environmental sustainability. 

Electric vehicles and carbon footprint
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular.

Opting for these transportation modes isn’t just a move towards sustainability; it’s a significant stride towards a more environmentally friendly future.

  • Importance of Energy-Efficient Appliances

Energy-efficient appliances are the unsung heroes of sustainability at home. They consume less energy, lower electricity bills, and reduce carbon emissions. Investing in appliances with the ENERGY STAR label, which meets high energy efficiency standards, is a smart move for both your pocket and the planet. It’s about making your home a beacon of sustainability.

Harnessing renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines is a transformative step towards a sustainable home. These technologies generate clean electricity, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and often result in net energy savings. By becoming your own energy producer, you’ll not only reduce your carbon footprint but also enjoy the benefits of green energy.

  • Reducing Waste: Unlocking the Green Gateway to Carbon Reduction

Waste management isn’t just about tidying up; it’s a powerful lever for slashing carbon emissions and fostering a sustainable future. The carbon footprint of waste is profound, with landfills emitting methane, a potent greenhouse gas. But here’s the good news: by embracing strategies for reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can dramatically curtail the carbon toll of waste. 

Moreover, composting, a humble practice, plays a pivotal role in carbon reduction. It not only diverts organic waste from methane-producing landfills but also enriches our soils, acting as a carbon sink. Together, these waste-wise practices represent a potent toolset to shrink our carbon footprint and tread more lightly on the planet.

  • The Importance of Fixing Leaks and Using Efficient Fixtures

Water conservation is crucial not only for preserving the resource but also for reducing carbon emissions. Wasted water leads to the unnecessary use of energy in its treatment, pumping, and heating. According to the EPA, American homes with leaks waste over 10,000 gallons of water annually, contributing significantly to household carbon emissions. 

Therefore, addressing water waste is a critical step in environmental sustainability. Simply put, “Fix the Drips, Trim the Emissions!” When you fix leaks and install efficient fixtures, you’re not just saving water; you’re cutting down on the energy required to treat and distribute it. 

This not only reduces your water bill but also your carbon footprint. So, whether it’s repairing a dripping faucet or replacing old, inefficient toilets and showerheads, these actions aren’t just drops in the bucket; they’re meaningful steps toward a more sustainable future for both water and the planet.

CONCLUSION

In a world where the future of our planet hangs in the balance, we each must take responsibility for our carbon footprint. As we’ve explored practical strategies and tips in this article, remember that every small action can make a significant impact. 

From choosing sustainable transportation options to reducing energy consumption, we hold the power to shape a greener, more sustainable future. So, let’s embark on this journey together, leaving behind a legacy of conscious choices and a planet that thrives. As we step forward, let’s remember that it’s not just our carbon footprint. We’re 

reducing – it’s our footprint on the pages of history, etching a story of positive change for generations to come.

REFERENCES:

Also Read: How Anthropology Helps Define Terms Growth and Differences

Unleashing Nature’s Fury: Earth Storm— A Compelling Docuseries

Syeda Laiba Tayyab
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Unleashing Nature’s Fury: Earth Storm— A Compelling Docuseries

In an era where the boundary between reality and fantasy becomes ever more blurred, the power of documentaries to transport us to the front lines of our planet’s most astonishing events remains unparalleled. “Earth Storm” emerges as a tour de force in the documentary world, expertly weaving together science, human stories, and breathtaking cinematography to create an unmissable cinematic experience.

The documentary doesn’t just showcase the beauty and terror of Earth’s most extreme weather events; it challenges us to consider our role in the changing climate.

“Earth Storm” is more than just a documentary; it’s an adrenaline-pumping journey into the very heart of Mother Nature’s most incredible and terrifying phenomena. From hurricanes and tornadoes to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, this film captures the awe-inspiring and destructive forces that shape our planet. Directed by the brilliant filmmaker Sarah Morrow, this two-hour spectacle promises to leave you breathless and profoundly moved.

What sets “Earth Storm” apart from the many nature documentaries that have come before is its unparalleled access to the heart of the action. With state-of-the-art camera technology and a fearless crew, the filmmakers ventured into the very eye of the storm, capturing footage that is nothing short of mesmerizing. Watching a tornado form from thin air or witnessing the raw power of a volcanic eruption feels like an otherworldly experience, and it’s a testament to the dedication of the filmmakers who put themselves in harm’s way to bring these images to life.

The storytelling in “Earth Storm” is masterful. The documentary is more than just a series of jaw-dropping visuals; it’s a profoundly human narrative that weaves together stories of individuals who have experienced these cataclysmic events first-hand. Through their testimonies, we are reminded of the fragility of human life and the indomitable spirit that keeps us moving forward, even in the face of impossible odds. Their stories add an emotional layer to the documentary, making it not just about science but the resilience of the human spirit.

In a world where streaming services bombard us with content daily, "Earth Storm" is a welcome reminder of the unique power of the cinematic experience.
In a world where streaming services bombard us with content daily, “Earth Storm” is a welcome reminder of the unique power of the cinematic experience.

The film is guided by expert scientists and meteorologists who provide context and explanations for the natural disasters that unfold on screen. Their insights are accessible and engaging, breaking down complex phenomena into terms the average viewer can understand. “Earth Storm” educates as much as it entertains, leaving the audience with a deeper understanding of the natural forces that shape our world.

Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of “Earth Storm” is its commitment to environmental advocacy. The documentary doesn’t just showcase the beauty and terror of Earth’s most extreme weather events; it challenges us to consider our role in the changing climate. With the planet facing unprecedented challenges due to climate change, “Earth Storm” is a powerful call to action. It reminds us that the world is not just an abstract concept but our shared home, one that we must protect and cherish for future generations.

The musical score of “Earth Storm” is a triumph in its own right. The soaring, symphonic compositions add emotional depth to the visuals, enhancing the overall experience. The music underscores the tension of approaching storms, the majesty of erupting volcanoes, and the resilience of people facing these natural disasters. It’s a soundtrack that will stay with you long after the credits roll.

In a world where streaming services bombard us with content daily, “Earth Storm” is a welcome reminder of the unique power of the cinematic experience. It’s a film that demands to be seen on the big screen, where the full force of its visuals and sound can envelop you. The awe-inspiring images and the emotional narrative are not something to be taken lightly, and this documentary will resonate with you long after you’ve left the theatre.

In conclusion, “Earth Storm” is a triumph of documentary filmmaking. It’s a heart-pounding, eye-opening, and emotionally charged journey through the raw power of our planet’s most incredible natural phenomena. It’s a testament to the resilience of humanity and a call to action for environmental stewardship. Under the masterful direction of Sarah Morrow, “Earth Storm” is a cinematic tour de force that leaves an indelible mark on the viewer. It’s a film that inspires us to look at the world with new eyes and to appreciate the delicate balance between humanity and nature. Don’t miss the opportunity to experience “Earth Storm” on the big screen; it’s an unforgettable ride that will leave you in awe of the world we call home.

Also read: THE DARK SIDE OF THE DIGITALIZED ERA: ATTACK GRAPHS

Impacts of Carbon Footprints on the Water Cycle of Earth

Muniba Usman
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Impacts of Carbon Footprints on the Water Cycle of Earth

The hydrological cycle, commonly referred to as the water cycle, is the cyclic flow of water in the form of vapors, droplets, crystals, and compounds from the earth’s surface (including underground) to the atmosphere and back from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface.

This cyclic flow of water maintains the overall balance of the ecosystem. As a whole, plant and animal life, organic and inorganic factors of the planet rely on water for their growth and energy flow. Any disturbance in this cyclic flow of water can bring drastic changes in the chemistry of the entire ecosystem.

Change in the atmospheric conditions

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the atmospheric conditions of planet Earth have been tormented by harsh conditions. The so-called industrial revolution and technological takeover of the organic planet have embedded multiple layers of carbon dioxide in the air. Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy purposes.

Fossil fuels like oil and coal are the leading causes of returning carbon to the atmosphere that they absorbed from plants millions of years ago. Still, the difference is carbon absorption took thousands of years, and its return is happening in just a few hundred. Consequently, the emissions from burning fossil fuels have increased multifold every decade, from almost 11 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year in the 1960s to an estimated 36.6 billion tons in 2022, according to the Global Carbon Budget 2022.

New research carried out at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL; Richland, Washington) claims that in equatorial and tropical regions, due to human activities and changing atmospheric conditions, the pattern of the monsoon season has changed i.e., it arrives approximately 4 days later than usual.

This is a slight delay; however, it might increase the severity of pre-monsoon heat wave patterns and wildfires at a considerable rate. Consequently, it delays crop production in the area, which later poses severe threats to the economy of the local communities.

“The global warming has already been attributed to human activities with high confidence,” PNNL atmospheric scientist and study co-author Ruby Leung said in a release. “But historically, we have not been very successful in pinpointing the footprint of human activity in the hydrological cycle. This study shows that the later onset of monsoon rainfall, paired with future warming projected by climate models, has already emerged.”

Effects on water

This overall embedding of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects every inch of the atmosphere adversely. The most affected parameter is the water that is present on Earth in various forms: as solid in ice, as a liquid in reservoirs, as gas in vapors, as a compound, as a soluble solute, as an insoluble solute, as a solvent, and as a part of mixtures too.

Water is a universal entity found everywhere and is almost entirely affected. According to the director of Columbia Water Center, Upmanu Lall, most global warming and climate change impacts primarily affect the water.

The global warming has already been attributed to human activities with high confidence

 Greenhouse gas effects

The increased amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere might be the underlying cause of the intensification of the water cycle. According to the laws of physics, the saturation of vapour increases by 7% when the temperature rises by 1°C (as explained in the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation).

Carbon dioxide is a non-pollutant gas in the atmosphere and a minor constituent of air (approximately 356 parts per million), but it has the ability to change the global climate. Hence, this is why it is one of the severe concerns. Among most of the gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide gas is primarily responsible for the change in climate and consequently contributes to climate change or global warming.

How are carbon footprints lined with the water cycle?

Global warming triggers changes in the global water cycle and primarily impacts the increase in vapour pressure in the atmosphere. This leads to vigorous changes in the precipitation patterns regarding frequency, intensity and overall moisture in groundwater.

How does the change in the environment affect the water cycle? The answer to this question is simple; it’s not directly the carbon dioxide that goes up to get incorporated in any of the water cycle steps, yet it’s the chain of events that causes the disturbance in the whole cyclic system.

Like, when the global temperatures increase, the evaporation rate also increases; the more the evaporation, the more condensation and precipitation. However, the high rates of evaporation and precipitation are not evenly distributed around the world. Some areas experience intense precipitation; some areas become more prone to drought.

The meteorological data predicts that the coastal regions will become wetter comparatively, and the middle of the continents will experience dry conditions in the coming few years.

When the air gets warm, its moisture-holding capacity also increases. As a result, the warm air will suck up more water from water reservoirs like oceans, lakes, soil, and plants. More water escaping the earth’s surface means more dry conditions left behind, which will obviously have negative but long-lasting impacts on drinking water and agriculture.

On the flip side, the warmer air threatens all forms of life, including humans. One of the studies carried out at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory found that the higher rate of humidity will intensify the temperatures in the future in some places on Earth by blocking the cooling effect caused by our sweat.

What happens to the respiration?

Meteorologically, precipitation is the product formed after the condensation of water vapours in the form of clouds and falls afterwards due to gravitational pull. The primary forms of precipitation are drizzle, sleet, ice pellets, snow, hail, and graupel. 

The intensification and strengthening of the water cycle have profound effects on climate change, and this effect has been observed since 1980. Also, the intensification of precipitation events negatively affects the availability of freshwater reservoirs, oceans, ice sheets, atmosphere, and land surfaces.

When the water vapours start condensing, the extra warm and wet air cools down, resulting in heavy rain showers or snowfalls followed by stormy winds. Since 1979, the Northeastern and Central regions of the U.S. have experienced a drastic shift in weather patterns, with the most significant increase in heavy precipitation and frequent thunderstorms.

 The changing climate has not only accelerated the evaporation of water vapors on the oceans and earth’s surface, but it has also accelerated the water cycle, which in turn altered the global precipitation patterns at large.

Graphically, the precipitation curves regarding the average annual precipitation in California vary considerably but generally follow a steady declining trend. Snowfall rather than rainfall is predicted to increase in the future, and high precipitation is likely to put a strain on California’s water supplies.

The carbon footprint continuously impacts the environment’s biotic and abiotic factors, which leads to the significant unbalancing of a whole natural biome. The lead author Estrella Olmedo of the Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM) in Barcelona, about the changes in water cycle patterns due to carbon footprint and climate change, stated, “The acceleration of the water cycle has implications both at the ocean and on the continent, where storms could become increasingly intense”.

The normality of the ecosystem is on the verge of drastic disturbances, and the top contributor is water. The limiting laws might control the climatic crisis; otherwise, the atmospheric disturbances are irreversible.

References:

Also, Read: The mysterious origin of water on Earth

Carbon Footprints Beyond Earth: Balancing Space Aspirations

Maira Masood
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Carbon Footprints Beyond Earth: Balancing Space Aspirations

The pursuit of uncovering the mysteries beyond our sight, the enigmas concealed within the cosmos, and the boundless wonders that space hides have perpetually captivated the human imagination. In an endeavour to address the myriad questions that occupy our thoughts, humanity launched space missions to unveil answers to satiate our curiosity.

Without a doubt, space missions offer substantial advantages, both in material and abstract terms. These include broadening the frontiers of human knowledge, bolstering a nation’s economic standing, propelling progress in science and technology, fostering international collaboration among countries with a common interest in space exploration, and a multitude of other benefits.

Nonetheless, beyond these advantages, space exploration brings about a significant threat in the form of pollution, particularly regarding carbon emissions. These emissions pose a substantial risk to the well-being of Earth’s inhabitants and the overall atmosphere and have the potential to impact the execution of space missions in various ways.

“Exploration is wired into our brains. If we can see the horizon, we want to know what’s beyond” ~Buzz Aldrin

The scarcity of discourse regarding the effects of carbon emissions on space missions can be attributed to two primary reasons. Firstly, the apparent benefits of these space missions outweigh their adverse consequences. Secondly, the space industry operates on a relatively modest scale, with only a few missions conducted each year, rendering the environmental impact of this sector negligible when compared to others.

Space X released 61 rockets in outer space in 2022 alone, setting the bar for space mission provisions exceedingly high.
Space X released 61 rockets in outer space in 2022 alone, setting the bar for space mission provisions exceedingly high.

Enhancements in space travel missions

Nevertheless, the landscape of space exploration and its associated emissions has undergone significant transformation in recent times. The frequency of space missions has surged, propelling an intensified push for even more triumphant ventures. Space X released 61 rockets in outer space in 2022 alone, setting the bar for space mission provisions exceedingly high.

Elon Musk, SpaceX’s CEO, stated that the ultimate design goal for Starship is to launch up to three times a day, equivalent to approximately 1000 flights a year, with the hopes of reaching the goal of at least one flight every two weeks in 2023. Currently, the Space X launch rate out of Florida is only at least once every three days. By 2024, the company aims to increase space launches and increase the launch rate to once every two days.

Consequently, with these advancements, it is inevitable that emission levels will increase, thus amplifying the environmental consequences.

Unmasking the Concerns

  • Emanation of Noxious Substances

Different types of emissions are discharged from rocket engines, contingent upon the specific type of fuel utilized. The four prevalent types of propellants include kerosene, hypergolic fuels, liquid hydrogen (cryogenic), and solid fuels. The rocket launch exhaust releases gases such as carbon dioxide with traces of black carbon and alumna. These gases capture heat and sunlight, with black carbon, a significant constituent of soot, being particularly effective in this regard. Soot possesses the capability to absorb light across all wavelengths, rendering it a potent contributor to atmospheric and climatic impacts.

  • Repercussions on Ozone

The act of launching rockets is a significant emitter of black carbon and alumina, leading to the warming of the stratosphere. Moreover, the elevated temperatures during rocket launch and re-entry induce the formation of nitrogen oxides, which damage and deplete the ozone in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere. The emission of other elements, like NOx and HOx, has the potential to significantly harm the ozone layer by accelerating its depletion rate. Researchers caution that without adequate regulation, rocket emissions could surpass the ozone depletion caused by Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) by the year 2050.

  • Reverberations of the Emissions

Considering the extent of emissions produced by rocket engines and their impact on the ozone layer, it represents a substantial concern that warrants close attention. Scientists estimate that during launch, “rockets can emit between 4 and 10 times more nitrogen oxides than Drax, the largest thermal power plant in the UK, over the same time period”.

Swift depletion of the ozone layer results in heightened UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, resulting in a rise in the occurrence of eye cataracts, skin cancer, as well as immune and genetic irregularities. The worldwide reduction in stratospheric ozone is strongly associated with the increasing presence of chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere, originating from the production and release of CFCs and other halocarbons.

Halocarbons are industrially manufactured for various purposes (in refrigerators, air conditioners, and industrial chillers), propellants for aerosol cans, agents for creating plastic foams, firefighting materials, and solvents for dry cleaning and degreasing.

In a separate 2019 report authored by the Center for Space Policy and Strategy, the issue of space emissions was likened to the challenge of space debris, which the authors argued poses an existential threat to the space industry. They wrote, ‘Today, launch vehicle emissions uniquely parallel the space debris problem. Rocket engine exhaust released into the stratosphere during the journey to orbit has a detrimental impact on the global atmosphere.

While the current effects of rockets on the global atmosphere are relatively minor in comparison to other human activities, the expanding scope of space missions, each with its distinct objectives, underscores the need to establish and enact policies aimed at mitigating the potential risks posed by rocket emissions to both the natural and operational environments.

Identifying ways to address the challenge

While the extent and diversity of rocket emission effects remain unclear, the environmental impacts of these explorations are becoming more significant with the growing popularity and feasibility of space tourism. Various measures can be taken to enhance the environmental sustainability of space missions.

  • National Environmental Policy Act

The environmental consequences of space launches fall within the purview of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In the past decade, NEPA statements on the environmental impact of launches have indicated that these space launches have no discernible short-term or long-term effects apart from temporary ground-level impacts.

At present, the primary focus of space missions extends beyond cargo transportation to the International Space Station and satellite launch services. It now encompasses in-space transportation, planetary explorations, crewed missions, suborbital transportation, and space tourism. As the number of rocket launches continues to increase, it might become crucial to consider the cumulative impacts in the future.

It is evident that substances beyond carbon compounds are emitted during the launches of these space missions. Consequently, regulations concerning the monitoring and assessing all types of emissions should be incorporated into NEPA. When addressing cumulative impacts, NEPA’s statements should encompass a comprehensive examination of all the noxious and detrimental substances released to provide an accurate assessment of the magnitude of the challenges at hand.

  • Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act of 1970 is a federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers rocket launching as the mobile source, and hence the rocket launch emissions are not considered.

In 2021, the EPA established regulations for controlling aeroplane greenhouse gas emissions. Similarly, as the provision of space missions continues to expand, it is imperative for the EPA to enact rules and establish standards for rocket launch emissions. It’s worth noting that monitoring should not be limited to greenhouse gases but should also encompass other pollutants like carbon particles.

  • Grasping the value of space missions in the context of climate intervention

It is crucial to recognize the importance and the delicate nature of climate intervention in the context of space missions. Sensors can be installed on space vehicles to calculate the amount and type of exhaust gases and pollutant matter released at different time intervals post-launch. These statistics can offer a substantial dataset for assessing and suggesting remedies for the emerging problem of carbon emissions. Elon Musk shares the same thought that opening space for humanity is an aim, but we must make it affordable to do so.

Furthermore, it is essential to develop eco-friendly rocket fuels and propulsion systems that minimize the release of harmful gases and pollutants, thus mitigating the environmental impact of space missions.

Space travel is an exciting venture. Making life sustainable in space demands a lot: Capital, brains, and foresight. With the current levels and concerns of global warming and climate change, it is pivotal to develop effective strategies that will impart two-fold benefit: Satisfy the curiosity of mankind for space exploration and inflict minimum damage on the already deteriorating environmental conditions.

“We’re running the most dangerous experiment in history right now, which is to see how much carbon dioxide the atmosphere…can handle before there is an environmental catastrophe” ~Elon Musk

References:

Also, Read: History of space exploration

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