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OPINIONS: Artificial Intelligence Edition

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Our aim is to provide something exciting and knowledgeable in each of our editions and we value your opinions. For the September edition, Scientia’s editorial team reached to public and asked a few questions about artificial intelligence following the theme of the edition. The questions were:

  • Can artificial intelligence be dangerous?
  • How will artificial intelligence change the future?
  • Will China be the AI superpower?
  • Does Boston Dynamics change our idea of what Robots can do?

Some of the insightful responses are shared below.

AI, connecting humans

MUHAMMAD AWAIS

1. It might be but not in the Hollywood style robots-taking-over scenario. There are two ways things can go wrong: AI becoming the monopoly or it going in the wrong hands. To understand the first threat, consider the scenario of an AI breakthrough, let’s say an AI that can do research in science. This kind of AI can revolutionize everything.  Now consider it in the hands of one company. This company can achieve anything by just throwing more resources at it and can dominate everything. The second conceivable threat of AI is it being in the wrong hands: for instance, dictators. This will create a dystopian state like the one presented in 1984. A state with no privacy and everything under the eye of “big brother”. This is not far-fetched as China is already using AI for surveillance of its people.

2. If the speed of the innovations in AI continues at the pace being done right now, our future will be very very different. Almost all aspects of life will be different; you will see all the vehicles being driverless, computer doctors, teachers, movies and music produced by AI and so much more. But the most disruptive change will be in the jobs sector. Modern humans have a very strong connection with jobs and jobs probably define us. Consider a future where almost all of the jobs are taken by automation and AI? Apart from the money, what will most of the humans do? What things will define and give meaning to their life?  

3. It is probable but not certain. While China has a lot of resources, data and evermore spending on AI, it still lacks AI talent. China also lacks a consistent government system which means we do know how China’s policies will change after Xi Jinping. On the other hand, the US has most of the AI talent, big companies with lots of data, great research culture and most importantly consistent governments and policies. So the US has more chances of being AI power than China.  

4. Yes. It has done some fascinating things though it is still far fetched to have Boston Dynamics like robots in the wild. 

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AFTAB SARWAR, Islamabad

1. Yes, it’s one of the most lethal weapons of the future.

2. The greatest impact will on automation. Coffee makers to public transport to drone swarms, everything will be automated. Who control AI logic will control the world.

3. China, to some experts, is already an AI superpower.

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ABID MIR, Quetta

1. There are certain dangers associated with artificial intelligence just like any other new technology. But in general, I believe it is safer than nuclear technology.

2. It can be very beneficial for our species, it can work on many things like finding out ways to reduce the effects of climate change, it can drive cars, etcetera. The main point is that it will free up Human creativity. We may see a new boom in art and literature in the future.

3. China is working really hard to progress in technology ahead of all the other countries, but as of now, it is unclear if china can create new technologies or just replicate them. Surely China has the means to become an AI superpower.

4. Boston Dynamic is doing a great job in robotics, but my main objection about it is that it’s all be done for the United States military, unlike Toyota. Toyota is also working on robotics and others too, who are not doing it for military applications.

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ENOS OYE, Europe

1. Artificial intelligence is based on data that is processed by a setup program which gives actions. If it is dangerous depends on how you program it. You may make it intentional dangerous by using it in a combat drone shooting on everything that moves. 

2. A self-driving car is unintentionally dangerous, but they have become better, and the best are now as dangerous as the average driver. 

3. I have little faith in the AI taking over the world scenario, to do anything like that we have to make a quantum computer which is truly intelligent like our brain, still, it is up to the programmer to make it dangerous or not.

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Asmat U Allah, Lahore

1. AI is dangerous to some extent because it Rebots relaces humans, contributing to global warming and several serious diseases. Due to increasing cybercrimes, a third world war could not be ignored which will be a cyberwar ( most probably).

2. Artificial intelligence changes the future like all the universe & world is in our hands, we can explore & access information easily, we wish to know about the world or even in the universe.

3. China will be the superpower but it should convince its neighbor countries to do transactions & take strict action against extremity. In this era, Russia, Pakistan, & India must have to revoke America to stop its illegal interruption specifically in the sub-continent.

Link to similar Posts: https://scientiamag.org/being-human-in-a-machine-age-does-it-sense/

THE MANIAC MACHINE

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humanoid robot

Asmara missed the days when she was a carefree young girl and not a mother of five. Nowadays, life was always about feeding, cleaning, changing, and managing the house. She had just spent a hectic morning scolding her maid for not keeping an eye on the rest of the kids while she had gone to drop off her eldest son to his first day of school. The maid had mumbled about being overburdened; taking care of the house chores along with naughty little ones. There was so much work to do that one pair of helping hands were simply not sufficient enough. And yet, Asmara could not afford to keep more for her house.

Flipping through the channels was boring her out until a bright ad strip at the bottom of a news channel caught her attention.
Asmara grabbed her phone and went to the website being displayed. The government had been planning to start a new program for house help many months ago, and now it was finally being declared effective. The prime minister had signed a contract with a group of engineers who claimed they had made robots capable of doing human activities such as cooking, cleaning, gardening and organizing things and could be controlled by their owners.

The best part was that since this was a new scheme, the government would be actually PAYING the first dozen people who were willing to give the robots a chance along with honest feedback!
Asmara read and reread to make sure she wasn’t mistaken. She couldn’t believe her eyes. Of course, a robot would be a hundred times faster and efficient, and they would get PAID!
Her husband was even more excited than herself when Asmara showed him all the details on the website that night. They filled the forms together and had their fingers crossed for what was coming up.
……………………….

One month later, Mr. Kazi, head of the team who had made the robots and negotiated with the government, stood on Asmara’s doorstep with a robot-woman beside him. He was ushered in and given the warmest of welcomes, given the most extravagant tea and a lot of smiles by Asmara and her husband. He gave them the batteries and told them they would have to be changed annually. He gave them all the necessary guidelines and then got up to leave.


“Here is your payment, like the government promised. And should you have any problems with your new helper, you may call on the number available at the website. We will wait for your feedback, which we would like to receive in a few months.” Mr. Kazi smiled broadly and departed.
The Robot that stood like a statue in their living room was a mesmerizing spectacle of technology. Asmara looked just like a human. Her face was pale, smooth, and expressionless. She had dark curls tied at the back of her head. She wore a light blue shalwar kameez with dupatta, scattered with a floral pattern and white sandals. Except for a small square at the back of her neck, where the batteries were to be put, no one could tell she was a machine.
“Alright. I believe we’re ready to test her, yes?” Rauf asked. Asmara nodded tentatively.
The batteries were put into place, and then they stepped back. The Robot, only after 5 seconds, came to life. The Robot, named Ruby, blinked her eyes slowly, looked all around her, fixed her gaze onto Asmara, and smiled slowly. “Hello.” She said in a perfectly sweet and melodious voice.
They told Ruby about house chores and her responsibilities, including taking care of kids.

Humanoid house keeper robot


Ruby seemed to have an extraordinarily powerful memory and was quick to learn everything. She had a fantastic speed and could multitask as though it was a piece of cake.
The children had loved her instantly when they had been introduced to her. She was perky, intelligent, and easily socialized. She changed and washed the children, played with them, helped with Zain’s homework, cleaned up their mess, and read them stories. She was great at cooking and could tidy up a room in less than 10 minutes. She had strong hands and could move around heavy objects quickly, iron the clothes, water the plants, mow the grass, and scrub the floors until they shone.

The best part was that Ruby was never tired. At night when the children were all tucked into bed, she gave an excellent massage to Asmara for a full hour. She was good at providing pedicures, facials, and shaving hair. Asmara and Rauf had their own parlor at their fingertips too! She would oil and comb their hair also. The only duties they decided were not to be handed over to Ruby were driving and outdoor chores. Asmara was only left with the responsibility of picking and dropping Zain and caressing her children if she felt like it. She felt free and young and took to her writing again. She had been a novelist before the twins had been born, but she hadn’t had the time to touch a pen ever since.

She could jot down the ideas that kept brimming inside her and do whatever she liked.
A very shocked and disturbed Yasmin had been given her last pay that month. Life at Asmara’s had changed so much. She had regained her youthful glow, and her face was fuller, her eyes sparkling, and her smile merrier. Rauf, a foodie, had been delighted when it was discovered that Ruby can cook anything, once a recipe explained. The family enjoyed new cuisines and desserts almost every day, licking fingers and smacking their lips.
“Deeeelicious!” Rauf patted his growing belly and belched. “Wonderful, Ruby, wonderful!”


In the few hours that Ruby went up to the attic to lie on her bed, her ‘brain’ revised the events of the whole day and replayed them, analyzing along the way.
She was aware that she was a massive help to the family, and the kids loved her. The grown-ups loved her. Everyone depended on her, and that was just the way she liked it.
………………………


Time passed by. Life at Asmara’s household had become comfortable, slightly too soft, one would say. Ruby had everything under control and on time. But there was neglect and carelessness on the part of the parents. Asmara was always indulging in reading and writing or watching films, and Rauf never stopped eating once he started. His once slender figure now sagged with bulk and he looked ten years older than he was. The children had become so obsessed with their new caretaker that they barely asked for their parents’ attention.

It was as though the whole house had gone into a robotic mode, each person absorbed in their own cocoon of supposed luxury and leisure. It was only Ruby who knew what everyone needed, what was to be cooked that day, and what was going on in everyone’s lives. Ruby had asked, instead demanded, one day that she could go and get the groceries as well. Several of the trips were accompanied by Asmara herself, but Ruby was so good at speeding up and down the aisles and making up the bills that soon Asmara decided she could be trusted.

Ruby didn’t need the car, she was such an avid walker, and carrying all the shopping bags was no problem for her. She was smart at calculations and keeping track of the finances as well.
It was not until Rauf’s mother, Mrs. Baig, stopped by one day that things changed. She was surprised to see that the robot maid had maintained the house so well but was very disappointed to see her son so fat and her daughter-in-law in such an idle state. The door was answered by Ruby, she was led into the living room by Ruby, she was served a cold drink by Ruby, her grandchildren were given int her lap by Ruby. It was Ruby, Ruby, Ruby everywhere.


“You sit and drink, I will call madam.” Ruby sped up the stairs and returned with Amara at her heels.
“Salaam, mummy!” Asmara opened her arms to embrace her and sat down beside her. She could feel her mother-in-law’s eyes on Ruby, filled with loathing.
“Ruby, why don’t you go to the kitchen and start preparing lunch?”
When she was gone, Mrs. Baig started lecturing her. She seemed to be full as though the weight had been removed from a pressure cooker inside her. She did not like it one bit how the household was left totally on the responsibility of a machine and how her son and his wife were becoming indolent couch potatoes. The upbringing of children’s had laid down on a robot, and there was minimum interaction between them and their parents. Asmara felt that her mother-in-law was indeed right and, her head bowed, kept listening.


From the kitchen, Ruby listened too. It made her angry to be called a ‘machine’ and a ‘robot’ by this old woman. Ruby proudly considered herself part of the family, and she believed the other house members thought so too. She would have to deal with this old ninny.
Later that afternoon, Asmara went to pick her son because of Mrs. Baig’s admonishing. The old lady was sitting comfortably on the settee closest to the bay window, soaking in the sun and reciting on her rosary.
Ruby went to the closet in the store and fetched the washing line, a strong but thin rope on which she draped the laundry to dry on the rooftop. She tiptoed into the living room. Mrs. Baig’s was facing the window and seemed unaware of her presence. Perfect.


What happened in the next few seconds baffled poor Mrs. Baig. Ruby grabbed hold of both her shoulders, dragged her off the settee and threw her onto the floor. Immediately she jumped on top and tied her legs and arms to her body. The Robot was reliable and pinned her down ferociously so that she was unable to move. Mrs. Baig struggled and kicked, but Ruby was powerful. She snatched Mrs. Baig’s dupatta and stuffed it in her mouth. Ruby got up and dusted her hands, admiring her handiwork as Mrs. Baig lay thrashing on the floor like a fish, her eyes dripping with hatred and anger at this absurdity and her screams muffled.

Ruby dragged the wildly wriggling lady across the hall and was about to haul her down the basement stairs when the door opened, and there stood Asmara, holding son’s hand. One look at the scene and she froze in horror.
“Wh…what in the name of Lord—- “
Before she could finish, Ruby kicked and sent Mrs. Baig bumping down the stairs, who was now hysterical. She landed with a crash at the bottom. Before Asmara could do anything, Ruby plunged forward and grabbed her, tightening her arm around Asmara’s neck. She coughed and spluttered, lost control, and was on her knees. The Robot’s grip was robust and crushing her windpipes. With a kick, she sent Zain crashing in the wall. He hit his head hard and collapsed, unconscious, on the floor.

Asmara hollered with rage and flung her leg which hit Ruby in the guts. She gasped, but her grip around Asmara’s neck tightened. Asmara tried to pry the metallic fingers off her throat, but it was no use. She needed to grasp hold of an object with which she could knock the paranoid machine off herself. Ruby’s back was towards the wall. Summoning up all the energy she had in her, Asmara jolted her body roughly, simultaneously digging her fingernails into Ruby’s finger. The Robot’s grip loosened for a moment. Asmara grabbed the opportunity and sent a flying kick into Ruby’s groin. The Robot gasped and let go.

Asmara fell to the floor, wheezing and retching. She got up instantly and pushed Ruby into the wall. She collided with a loud crack, possibly indicating that a fragment inside her somewhere had broken. Asmara grappled a chair and swung it with full force at Ruby’s head. Wood against metal made a banging noise, and one of Ruby’s eyes popped out at the end of spring. The Robot lost balance and fell to the floor. Asmara jumped on top and, wrestling with the metallic monster, succeeded in pulling out the batteries from behind her neck. The Robot went limp instantly.
Asmara lay panting on the floor. She was drenched in sweat, and her throat was burning.

Then she remembered Zain and Mrs. Baig. The other children were thankfully taking their nap upstairs. She scrambled off the floor and ran to Zain. He was still working but had a huge red bump on the left side of his head. Asmara carried her boy in her arms and staggered to the basement door. She opened it and turned on the lights. At the bottom of the stairs lay Mrs. Baig, close to fainting. Asmara managed to cross the stairs and untie her mother-in-law. Mrs. Baig had received severe injuries all over her face, arms, back, and legs. Asmara was too weak to help her up the stairs. She dragged herself upstairs and managed to call the Ambulance and her husband before crumpling onto the sofa and losing consciousness.
……………………………………………………..


A few days later, a van from Mr. Kazi’s office took the wretched Robot away. Asmara returned to her active lifestyle again, and Yasmin was back too. Robots, they decided we’re not a good option for household work.
‘Robots need to be designed as such that they do not harbor human feelings and the hunger for power. They should not have the capacity to think or feel or any other cognitive function.’ Rauf closed his laptop after sharing his views on the company’s website.

THE END

Link to similar stories: https://scientiamag.org/an-illustration-of-ai-evolution-in-our-lives/

THE HYPE OF HYPERLOOP

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Flashing in the air is the future of commuting called Hyperloop technology. Hyperloop has inevitably taken a transportation & technology world by storm. The reasons for the invention of this technology are to preserve the environment, save fuel & precious time of humanity which could be served at many other vital places and occasions. No other person than Elon Musk, the founder of Hyperloop technology, has gauged the significance of saving, allocating time in the right way with environment-friendly innovations.

Elaborating Mr. Musk in detail, Musk was always a person to watch. He founded many companies, named Zip 2 Corporation, PayPal, Solar City, The boring company, along with a few others. However, one can’t forget the game-changing ventures like Space X & Tesla Motors, which were the first companies of their kind.

Elon Musk Hyperloop illustration
Elon Musk Hyperloop illustration

Musk was the first person who proposed 17th-century initial idea from inventor George Medhurst to move goods through cast-iron pipes using air pressure into the vacuum and maglev powered super-fast train that would travel through a tube in August 2013. Without diving into the oceans of difficulties that Musk swim through in his life, SCIENTIA feels sheer honor to laud him for his continuous efforts and services for the world of technology to serve humanity uniquely.

The magnetic repelling forces capsule each other to levitate once it is driven forward by an electric motor. Once the capsule is levitating, traveling through a tunnel in a vacuum, it claims very less energy to sustain speeds of over 700 mph (1126 kph). However, one serious concern is the sudden stop, which can be catastrophic & would be 10 times fatal as a 70 mph (112 kph) car crash. For that, companies are experimenting on plopping the pods, which would slow them down until it reaches zero miles per hour using magnetic levitation.

Many nations across the world are busy making their grounds to race like a champion.

USA
 
• Greater Los Angeles Area – San Francisco Area including   Sacramento, Anaheim, San Diego, and Las Vegas. Chicago-Cleveland & a loop connecting Washington-New York City. St. Louis, Columbia, Kansas City. Miami–Orlando, Dallas–Laredo– Houston, Chicago–Columbus– Pittsburgh.  Minimizing 2.30 hours to 30 mins from Los Angeles to Las Vegas.

UK
• Edinburgh–London, Glasgow– Liverpool,

INDIA 
• Chennai & Bengaluru. Amaravati to Vijayawada in a 6-minute ride
• Mumbai to Pune cutting down 1 hour 04 mins into 13 mins. 
• Mumbai-Delhi via Indore, Kota & Jaipur.
• Bengaluru–Chennai, Mumbai– Chennai.

UAE 
• DP World to move containers from it’s Port of Jebel Ali in Dubai
• Dubai – Abu Dhabi cutting 1-hour travel into 12 mins

CHINA
• Hunchun in north-eastern China

POLAND 
• Cracow-Gdansk across Poland proposed by Hyper Poland. 

CANADA 

Trans-Pod is striving for the possibility of Hyperloop. 
routes from:

• Toronto-Montreal, Toronto-Windsor, Calgary-Edmonton.

Few others, Helsinki and Stockholm, Sweden, Finland, Mexico, Russia Slovakia & Austin Hungry, Czech Republic, South Korea along with intercountry routes are under consideration. 

Routes are unconfined to our world it is even stretched to Mars, yes Mars. Genius Musk expressed his views that Hyperloop would be useful on Mars as no tubes would be required on Mars’ atmosphere due to its density. Low-pressure tubes minimize air resistance on our planet. However, if we built on Mars, the lower air resistance would allow Hyperloop to be created with no tube, only a track. 

Complete eradication of fuels makes the environment carbon-free and clean. Fuel when burn produces carbon emissions which will be zero with the use of hyperloop. According to Virgin Hyperloop company airplanes carrying passengers solely emit 859 million metric tons (946 million tons) of CO2. This could be slashed by 58 percent if every passenger flight between 500 kilometers to 1,500 kilometers (about 310 miles & 930 miles) worldwide from hyperloop. Moreover, renewable energy could be used to run the entire system which is absolutely a treat for our environment.

The future of Hyperloop is shining bright, which provides hope to humanity in many ways like saving time, valuable resources, fuel, boosting economies, which can make nations’ financial health. It will be fully operational by 2021 & will provide us the possible answer whether it has opened the gates of wonders or failed miserably. However, presently, many of its routes are under construction & the hype of hyperloop seems magical.

The enchanting ‘Cosmic Jellyfish’

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Jellyfish are exciting sea creatures that have mesmerized humans for years. Not just by their strikingly unique shapes but also by the vibrancy they bring to the seas and the oceans. One of their types includes the “Cosmic Jellyfish.”

This creature was recently spotted during the exploration of the Utu Seamount in the National Marine Sanctuary by the members of a US agency, NOAA. It was first identified as a Rhopalonematid trachymedusa but is also suspected to be a new species. It has various distinctive features including two rows of tentacles that face opposite directions. We have gathered some really cool pictures of the cosmic jellyfish as well as various other types of jellyfish for your eyes to feast on. Take a look below!

This creature was recently spotted during the exploration of the Utu Seamount
Credit: dribbble
An artist’s interpretation of the cosmic jellyfish
Credit: deviantart
It hovers in the water and changes shapes as it moves away
Credit: noaa
Credit: dovga

During the expedition, the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) took snapshots of beautiful Seaworld creatures that are rarely observed. One of those was the dazzling cosmic jellyfish. In a video released by the team, it can be seen hovering in the water and changing shapes as it moves away. It moves quickly in and out of the frame like an exotic being.

Here are some more mesmerizing jellyfish photographs!

Cosmic Jellyfish was first identified as a Rhopalonematid trachymedusa but is also suspected to be a new species.
A lion’s mane jellyfish that lightens up the dark ocean
Credit: Mother Nature Network
A colorful sea creature
Its beautiful features have intrigued many and scientists are conducting research to understand this organism better
R: A lion’s mane jellyfish consuming a moon jellyfish
Some have called it a 'UFO Jellyfish'
The breathtaking Alien Jellyfish in full view

Also Read: A pictorial history: the Origin of life on Earth

NASA SPACE-APPS CHALLENGE 2019

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NASA is hosting the biggest global hackathon of the year,  NASA Space App Challenge 2019. In which NASA opens its portal for everyone to generate solutions for the problems related to Space and Earth. NASA is allowing an opportunity to everyone from scientists, coders, designers, technologists, storytellers developers from all age groups as well. 

International space apps challenge 2019.

All you have to do is to use NASA’s original and authentic information and confer a solution through an app that should help us more in the exploration of space. It also provides people to start their career in a new direction under the field of their interest.

This event is a challenge to the expert and the citizen scientist to come up with innovative solutions of some real problems by utilizing our data.” said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA’s associate administrator for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

“Through Space Apps, anyone can pursue an area that fires their curiosity and passion and contribute to NASA’s future missions and the world’s engagement with space.”

Every year NASA host this hackathon in almost 75 countries, more than 200 events happen, thousands of people participate in it, and these aggregates are increasing every year. In 2019, there are more than 250 locations!

The local event is also going to be held in Pakistan this year from 18th-20th Oct. The event will be hosted by a private science and educational organization named RaheQamar. It will start on the evening of 18th October with the Bootcamp and will continue till the evening of 20th Oct. 

There are limited seats for the participants, so earlier enlisting will be considered as a priority. 

Here are the details of the challenge: http://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/challenges

Here are the registration links: https://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/locations/islamabad https://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/locations/karachi https://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/locations/lahore https://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/locations/quetta https://2019.spaceappschallenge.org/locations/peshawar

Link to Rahe Qamar Posts: https://scientiamag.org/seti-search-for-extraterrestrial-cognoscentibus/

Book Summary and Analysis – ATHENA’S CHOICE by Adam Boostrom

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The recently published book, “Athena’s Choice” is a Sci-Fi novel with a gripping plot that peeks into the future and predicts the role of AI in human lives. It was first released in 2018 and has since received a flow of positive remarks and reviews on websites like Goodreads and Amazon. The main genres of the book include Artificial intelligence, crime/ mystery, and bioterrorism.

The story told in the year 2099, where we are introduced to Athena Vosh, a girl living in the US and a world dominated by womankind. Men have become extinct due to a virus that caused the Y-Fever. Initially, the virus was used in battles against armies, but affected the whole male population of the world, leaving behind the vulnerable and more sensitive of the women. The women of the world are divided into two parties; one who supports that men should be brought back, and the other, who believe that the world could not be a better place without the vices and treachery of the other gender. The later, therefore, strongly oppose the Project Lazarus, which aims to save the male species of human beings.

The plot twists when the Lazarus Genome has been stolen and Athena Vosh is contacted by Public Safety Headquarters to assist officer Valerie Bell in the mysterious case of the Lazarus Genome. Together, they work as a team to interview several scientists including, the influential Grace Antares. The suspense increases as they get closer to unraveling the mystery of the Genome, coupled with Athena’s confusing dreams.

The book has been written in a smooth and catchy style, not letting the reader’s attention waver. Snippets of informative passages about the technology and news of the era have beautifully fitted between the chapters. These provide an insight into the world in which Athena lives.

The story is told in the year 2099, where we are introduced to Athena Vosh, a girl living in the US and a world dominated by womankind

The topic was challenging and attempted well. Although there are a few ambiguities left in the reader’s mind after reading the novel, for example, how can food be printed, as described by the author? The technology seemed too far-fetched to me at times e.g., how her Home unit prints Athena’s clothes. Life and its extravagances seem very unrealistic throughout the book, and how can a student like Athena, who lives with her friend, afford this kind of lifestyle?

I observed the message behind the story that the author tried to convey; that both genders are equally necessary for the lifecycle and the normal functioning of society. Feminism is not healthy at all, and both men and women should accept each other’s faults to embrace equality and understanding. A world without men is not the solution to vices like rape and harassment.

Also, stress has been laid upon handling biological samples like genomes with the utmost care. It has shown how, in the future, computers will be able to serve humanity in everyday tasks and chores.

Athena’s choice has won the 2019 National Indie Excellence Award for Visionary fiction, the 2019 Maxy Award for Science fiction and has been nominated as a finalist for the 2019 NIEA for science fiction.

About the Author

Boostrom with Athena's choice
Boostrom with Athena’s choice

Adam Boostrom is a former national merit scholar, valedictorian, championship wrestler, and Kiwanis award recipient.

Also Read: Going through some famous and riveting AI movies

Artificial Intelligence is on its way to conquer the art scene

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Almost two years ago, an unusual case shook the art world. Art theft and forgery are not uncommon but claiming an exhibited art piece to be “Fake” definitely induce disorder. The issue arose when in a German public collection, a painting thought to be made by artist Kazimir Malevich in 1915 was labeled as counterfeit and a judicial trial was held to seek the truth. Some witnessed and art experts said that it was original enough and “could hang in Stedelijk” while some stated to the authorities that such works were terribly “awful imitations”.

A similar case in 2018, led to the closure of the Ghent Museum of Fine Art in Belgium after some of the artwork raised suspicion among the critics and as a result, the director of the museum was suspended. These are troublesome matters that occur frequently in the world of art and not only cause harm to the reputation but do monetary damage as well. One may ask why not come up with a solution to address such recurrent inconveniences? Well, we might have an answer now: Artificial Intelligence

“Black Rectangle, Red Square,” thought to have been painted by Kazimir Malevich

Usually, when we think of AI, it is in terms of machine learning for robots or better technology for industries. Art and AI are a combination that few have heard of. It might be because it is still in the growth phase but surely a lot of work is being through combining these two and just like every other field, AI may conquer art as well in the future. 

A look into AI’s contribution to the art

At the moment, AI is playing diverse roles in art. From art investigation to creating art, it has managed to make its place in this diverse area. Art forgeries investigation and general study are pretty tough jobs and take up a lot of money and time. There is the use of methods like spectroscopy with infrared radiations, numerous types of separation techniques like gas chromatography, etc. But Artificial Intelligence, being the brilliant thing it is, can do this job without all these expensive resources and only needs an art piece to do the investigation. Before discussing that, it should be noted that AI is not just probing into art, it is also creating it!

Yes, you read that right. Don’t feel threatened that AI will take over your Crayola makers or your paintbrushes and strip you of your creativity. That is not going to happen anytime soon. But it most definitely is creating art using digital techniques and advanced algorithms and has even managed to auction a piece at Christie’s titled “Portrait of Edmond Belamy” at a hefty price of $432,500.

 Portrait of Edmond Belamy, a painting made by AI
Portrait of Edmond Belamy

Such type of artificial art generation has been going for around 50 years and coding enables it to learn aesthetic and creative values by interpreting and looking at thousands of images. A new system called generative adversarial network (GAN) has been designed by researchers which pair a generator for making images with a discriminator that analyzes the pictures. The combination enables the creation of an intricately done art piece. In a survey conducted with the public, it was found that people liked the AI art more than human-made paintings and considered it to be more inspiring and complex.

Beware, art forgers!

For recognizing whether a presented art piece is real or not, new and powerful Artificial Intelligence technologies are being created and developed that can accurately detect forgeries. A team at Rutgers developed a process that analyzed three hundred drawings by famous artists including Picasso and Egon Schiele at the tiny level of strokes. The designed algorithm was then put to test and the success rate reached up to 80 percent. 

AI can study the speed of brush strokes using new algorithms

The gestures, shape, and even the speed of the brush stroke is inspected and uncovers a lot of information and provides very useful data. Just an image is needed to judge if it is really original or made in an amateur workshop. A big database is extremely helpful and with more improvements, the practical use of this technology would be immense. The team is hopeful that it will be “a hugely valuable addition to the arsenal.”

AI as a tool for art conservation

Artificial Intelligence has also penetrated various other domains of art and a recent project that gained worldwide attention was its use for uncovering hidden details in old masterpiece paintings including the renowned Ghent Altarpiece. In investigative research done by a team from UCL, digital X-ray images of a high resolution were studied and viewed using AI which helped in the conservation of the piece. For those who might not know about it, Ghent Altarpiece is a famous twelve-panel painting made by Netherlandish brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck. For studying it, new algorithms and X-ray images of the different panels of the altarpiece were used and later made into two clear and detailed images. Usually, the use of X-ray images of paintings is hard to interpret for everything gets in the path of the rays and especially in retouched pieces. 

Recently, X-ray imaging was used to uncover a hidden painting underneath Picasso’s La Misereuse accroupie (The Crouching Beggar). On the surface it is an image of a figure in a blanket and a scarf but underneath it lies a landscape painting as revelated through the imaging techniques. Moreover, it showed the creative process of how Picasso painted the figure. Other methods implying the study of the chemical nature of pigments were used as well. But as mentioned before, in such processes X-ray images may get mixed up and these signals need to be separated to perform detailed study and accurate interpretation. 

The Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage is using artificial intelligence for the Ghent Altarpiece preservation
The Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage is using artificial intelligence for the Ghent Altarpiece preservation

Researchers proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based self-supervised network. Through this method, signals of varying origin are captured and accurately separated, something that other similar approaches haven’t been able to successfully perform. AI separates these images and original master paintings are made visible which helps in the conservation and restoration process like it is doing for the Ghent Altarpiece investigation being done by the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA). Such approaches give insight into the hidden details and technicalities that are not visible to the naked eye. The potential can be used to evaluate how a masterpiece was developed and how unique and iconic works of art can be saved from different threats. Conservationists and academics have commended the use of AI and are pleased with the turnout of the data that can be used for various purposes. 

A bright creative future

AI still lacks behind in a lot of the things but surely it won’t take a long time to catch up and perform even more extraordinary feats and otherwise impossible tasks. One should appreciate the accomplishments so far, from identifying fake and forged paintings to baring the secrets in an artwork, it is becoming a right hand for the art investigators and even for art enthusiasts who feel the need to respect and admire beautiful creations without any doubts or fears. It is a creative tool, not threatening as some may perceive, but a promising aid to the future of art.

Also Read: It’s time to talk about Robot Ethics

Dr. Nozair Khwaja’s Breakthrough research on Saturn’s Moon, Enceladus

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A Pakistani scientist, Dr. Nozair Khawaja, led breakthrough research on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which got published in the Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society and Oxford Academic. Dr. Khawaja is a Wazir-Abad based planetary scientist working at Free University Berlin. The research Co-led by Dr.Frank Postbrg and Mr. Fabian Kllener.

Dr. Nozair Khawaja
Dr. Khawaja at a conference at IST Islamabad

Abstract

Enceladus is one of the most exciting objects in the Solar System. It has a subsurface liquid water ocean, which is in contact with its water-percolated hot rocky core. It emits the ocean material from the depths of its subsurface ocean into the outer space in the form of plumes of water vapor and ice grains. Last year, a team of international scientists, co-lead by Dr. Nozair Khawaja and Prof. Dr. Frank Postberg, discovered highly complex and large organic compounds that emerged from Enceladus hydrothermal core [1]. It was the very first time that such large and complex organic molecules were found in any of the extraterrestrial ocean worlds.

Now a team of scientists, under the supervision of Dr. Nozair Khawaja of Free University Berlin, has found small, soluble and reactive oxygen and nitrogen-bearing organic compounds that also emerged from the depths of Enceladus hydrothermal vent and detected in the ice grains ejected out from Enceladus. The significance of this reactive oxygen and nitrogen-bearing compounds is that such organics are known precursors/ingredients to synthesis biologically-relevant organic compounds, like amino acids, in Earth’s hydrothermal system. Here, it should be noted that no amino acids in Enceladus Ocean were found yet, but finding ingredients of biologically-relevant organic compounds has once again proven Enceladus a potentially habitable world.

Enceladus a potentially habitable world
Scientists previously found a large quantity of molecular hydrogen emerging from Enceladus

Who is Dr. Nozair Khawaja?

Dr. Nozair Khawaja was born in Wazirabad and completed his Master’s degree in Astronomy and Space Sciences from the Punjab University. Later on, he did Ph.D. in Geosciences from Heidelberg University, Germany. He also worked as a postdoc scholar at the Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University and is currently working in Free University, Berlin.

Dr. Khawaja did his research on life beyond Earth and has now become a leading researcher on many space exploring programs within our solar system. In 2019, he got Group Achievement Award for Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

He is a recipient of the first prize of the Horneck-Brack Award, at the European Astrobiology Network Association in 2018. He has also received the Short Term Scientific Mission (STSM-2010) Grant from European Cooperation in Science and Technology, ECOST – action chemical cosmos. His work has appeared in highly cited peer review journals like Nature, Journal of Royal Astronomical Society, and Science.

Enceladus – Saturn’s Ocean World

Five mid-sized Saturn’s moons Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione and Rhea orbit within Saturn’s E ring, beyond the main ring system. These are nearly spherical moons and have relatively low density and high albedo. The interiors of these moons are made up of water ice surrounding a small silicate core, whereas the surfaces are composed mainly of water ice.


All surfaces of moons in the E ring, except Enceladus, are dominated by impact craters and have been considered as geologically inactive for billions of years. The high albedo and relatively young un cratered geology of wide areas on Enceladus was discovered during Voyager Saturn flybys. In 2004-05 Cassini performed a number of flybys of Saturn’s icy satellites.

Clearly, the most spectacular discovery was the geological activity near Enceladus’ South Pole.  An anomaly in the magnetic field near Enceladus observed by the Cassini Magnetometer in February 2005, led to a closer flyby to investigate the phenomenon. On 14 July 2005 Cassini performed a flyby of Enceladus with the closest approach of ~ 168 km from the moon’s surface. The onboard Cassini’s Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) acquired images of Enceladus’ South Polar Terrain (SPT) and discovered jets of icy particles emitting from 135 km long fractures, situated at ~ 55°S latitude. The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) aboard Cassini pointed out endogenic activity from SPT. The CIRS instruments detected 3 to 7 gigawatts of thermal emission from the SPT centered on the four linear stripes, the so-called “tiger stripes”.

Note

This is a press release from the Astrobiology Network of Pakistan (ABNP). Dr. Nozair Khawaja is the Founder of ABNP and has been working on NASA’s historic space Cassini Mission. Dr. Khawaja is involved in the Japanese future space mission, Destiny Plus and is also associated with NASA’s exciting Astrobiological space mission – Europa Clipper.

References: [1] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0246-4

Pakistan’s first single Photon Quantum Mechanics Laboratory

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Quantum computing holds great importance for the next wave of the information revolution. A number of physical platforms are available to realize quantum bits (qubits), including those based on nuclear magnetic resonance, trapped ions, superconductors, half-spin particles, and single photons. Qubits based on photons are readily accessible at room temperature and hence can be used to perform experiments in the undergraduate laboratory.

The “Single Photon Quantum” initiative was an effort to develop a laboratory incorporating modern, cost-effective versions of some of the experiments that have shaped our modern understanding of quantum physics. These experiments include quantitative demonstrations of the existence of single photons, tests of Bell’s inequalities, single-photon interference, quantum eraser, and quantum state tomography.

LUMS Physlab
Dr. Sabieh Anwer with Hamza Waseem and Faizan e Illahi

Hamza Waseem and Faizan-e-Elahi, two students of electrical engineering in UET Lahore, converted their deep sense of deprivation of formal education in physics to a craving for experimenting with single photons. After a year and a half of dedicated effort, struggling between coursework at their parent institution and the tough challenges, this group of students working in LUMS Physics lab managed to complete a suite of nine fundamental experiments.

Dr. Sabieh Anwer, Associate Professor of Physics at LUMS, who supervise these to students in this brilliant project said that ” For many years I had dreamed of making a laboratory for our students that could demonstrate fundamental facets of quantum physics, quan- information and quan -computing. Though our students do work with SQUIDsFranck-Hertz tubes and lasers, I was looking for ideas that were more “grainy”, counter-intuitive and quantitative and that could directly relate to quantum interference, entanglement, density matrices, nonlocality and reveal the eerie aspects of quantum physics.
Fortunately, I came across two students, Hamza Waseem and Faizan-e-Elahi and after the hard work of more than one year, we successfully completed this project.

READ ALSO: https://scientiamag.org/all-set-for-lahore-science-mela-2019/

Transhuman: Advances in Longevity Medicines

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Transhumanists believe that we should augment our bodies with new technology.
Transhumanists believe that we should augment our bodies with new technology.

In the last two to three decades,  Artificial Intelligence has revolutionized our lives and the world around us with its astounding perks and impacts. Now, AI making its way out to produce a combination of our body and metal that will enhance our strength, intelligence, and life span, that eradicates the concept of aging as a cause of death.

Scientists are aiming to eradicate the concept of natural selection where it takes hundreds of years for one species as we found them nowadays. Technology has been used for the benefit of humankind for a long but transhumanism is replacing the concept of Biotechnology. In the past, scientists modeled devices like corrective lenses, false teeth to aid human, whereas transhumanism is based on the concept of replacing the damaged body organs completely with an enhanced one to overcome the biological deficit or to augment senses of human so that they can detect things they are not built to sense.

Transhumanism involves the evolution of three basic pillars of humanity: our body, our thoughts, and behavior. 

Our Bodies will be augmented

scientists are planning to escort such body augmentations that will enable humans to be more strong, smart-having enhanced life span; a near embodiment of God. We can expect the arrival of contact lenses that can take pictures or video, universal language translator earbuds that allow us to communicate anywhere in the world, and powered clothing that mimics the biomechanics of the human body and increase user’s physical strength with the help of Transhuman.

Implants will be used to improve cognition, ranging from brain microchips to prosthetic cyber-brains and subdermal RFID chips. Our senses will be augmented with the help of implants so we can detect infrared or ultraviolet radiation. Cochlear, optic implants, bionic limbs, and artificial organs will be used to overcome biological damage, though these techniques are already in use.

A picture containing floor, person, ground, building
Robotic exoskeletons such as this one can help people who have suffered spinal injuries. Photograph Credit: Alamy

The most powerful of all will be the biological augmentation, that will enable humans to select the most intelligent embryo using IVF technology. We will also be able to eliminate all heritable diseases using the powerful CRISPR gene-editing technology.

All these advancements will enable humans to live a longer and healthier life. When the old concept of treating aging as an inevitable cause of death will be replaced by taking it as a pathology, we will be able to treat and prevent it. People will get older slowly and will progress towards longer life spans than expected.

We will brainstorm at a faster pace

Implantable brain-machine interfaces, in the process of development, will alter the way of our communication. BMIs will surpass the barrier of speed with which humans deal while communicating. Humans will communicate at the speed of their thought in its full, unfiltered state.

 Mark Zuckerberg has described this scenario as: Today, when we share our vacation experiences, we upload photos and videos.  With BMIs, I can share my full sensory and emotional vacation experience with my friends and family.

Our behavior will be enhanced as a species

Artificial intelligence and Augmented reality will be integrated into our behavior in such a way that it will alter our interactions. The transhuman technique will improve human functioning, make him more active, dynamic and productive. It will also influence how we interact with society and traditional ethical values. Even these tactics are widely in use and several Governments of the first world such as the US and UK are utilizing them for social benefits. 

Transhumans would raise a host of ethical problems and dilemmas

Advocates of Transhumanism believe that going beyond the natural barriers of an ordinary human being, will remarkably revolutionize the world but not everyone agrees with the idea.

In the modern world, technological advancements are not merely used by patients or sick people, healthy people are also using them to boost their powers. The drug erythropoietin (EPO) that was used by the patients of anemia to increase their red blood cell production, is now in the use of athletes to improve their bloodstream’s ability to carry oxygen to their muscles.

Blay Whitby, an artificial intelligence expert at Sussex University says“We are now approaching the time when, for some kinds of track sports such as the 100-metre sprint, athletes who run on carbon-fibre blades will be able outperform those who run on natural legs,” 

A group of football players on a field can get benefit with transhuman.
Scientists think there will come a point when athletes with carbon blades will be able to out-run able-bodied rivals. Photograph: Alexandre Loureiro/Getty Images

The debates give rise some critical questions such as if ethically justified for a surgeon to replace the normal limbs with the carbon-fire blades just so they can win the race? Who will own it: wearer or NHS? Who will be responsible if any of this technology is used to carry a crime? These issues need to be debated before it’s too late.

According to Cybernetics expert Kevin Warwick, “What is wrong with replacing imperfect bits of your body with artificial parts that will allow you to perform better – or which might allow you to live longer?” 

 The position is also summed up by Whitby in the words,

“History is littered with the evil consequences of one group of humans believing they are superior to another group of humans,” he said. “Unfortunately in the case of enhanced humans, they will be genuinely superior. We need to think about the implications before it is too late.”

Future of Transhuman

Transhumanism, the burgeoning field of science, is aiming for a future of more developed human beings with extraordinary minds, ageless bodies having immense physical strength. It is paving its way to a world where terminologies like “disabled” and handicap” would be obsolete. Aging will lose its “virtue of necessity” aspect and life span expected to be enhanced to 120.

Not everyone is an advocate of transhuman, as it has raised certain issues both in an ethical and evolutionary phase. Many are afraid that advancements in technology will supersede the need for humans in the future.

Now, the time has come, scientists have to decide the dimensions, where they exactly want to drag humanity? Transhuman may be superior but will they possess emotions, empathy, and ethical values, we do need to live a happier and healthier life?